Ireland set to overtake Luxembourg in European GDP per capita rankings by 2030
Among 41 European countries, Ireland is projected to overtake Luxembourg in GDP per capita (PPP) by 2030, though Ireland's figure is distorted by multinational corporations. Norway, Switzerland and Denmark complete the top five. Among Europe's five biggest economies, Germany ranks highest at 12th, followed by France (15th), the UK (16th), Italy (18th) and Spain (22nd). EU candidate countries dominate the bottom nine positions, with Ukraine, Kosovo and Moldova at the bottom. The gap between nominal and PPP rankings reveals significant differences in real purchasing power across the continent.