UK faces greatest risks since Cold War, says military chief

The risks and threats to the UK are greater now than at any time since the Cold War, the head of the military has said.

"This is the most dangerous period that I have known," Chief of the Defence Staff Sir Richard Knighton told BBC Radio 4's Today programme.

There have been as many incursions by Russian strategic aircraft into UK airspace in the first five months of this year as in the whole of 2025, he said, warning Russia risks "crossing a line".

He said last year's Strategic Defence Review was a "call to arms", and while in recent decades the armed forces have focused on preparing for short, contained conflicts, the UK needs to be ready for longer wars like the one in Ukraine.

His remarks come ahead of the expected publication of the Defence Investment Plan in the next few weeks, following repeated delays.

The document, which will set out how new equipment and defence infrastructure will be funded over the coming decade, was first due to be released in autumn 2025.

On Friday, the prime minister said the plan would be published before a Nato summit "in just a few weeks' time".

Sir Keir Starmer said: "We've been working on that defence investment plan for some time, very closely with our armed forces, as you would expect, because we need that interaction."

Asked about recent criticism of the UK's diminished capabilities by the former defence secretary, Lord Robertson, and whether the government is willing to give the military the extra funding it has said it needs, Sir Richard said he was confident ministers are aware of the threats and are increasing spending.

"Exactly as the prime minister says, we need to spend more on defence and do it faster. The challenge for ministers is to make those difficult trade-off decisions," he said.

Drones and autonomous systems are going to become "increasingly important in the future of warfare", he said.

On the threats posed to the UK, he said: "I'm very clear that this is the most dangerous time I have known in my working life.

And the risks and threats to this country are greater than I have known since the Cold War.

And it is important that society and all of us recognise and understand that and that may mean that we need to make different choices and different priorities."

Russia is probing both the UK's "traditional military defences" and also through other means, such as cyber, sabotage and assassination attempts, he said.

In a hard-hitting speech in April, Lord Robertson warned that the UK's security is "in peril" and Sir Keir's government has shown "corrosive complacency" towards defence.

In a directly political intervention, Lord Robertson - who is now a key government adviser - warned in his speech: "We cannot defend Britain with an ever-expanding welfare budget."