SpaceX IPO Valued at $1.8 Trillion, Largest on Record

Elon Musk’s rocket company SpaceX raised $75 billion after pricing 555.6 million shares at $135 each in the largest initial public offering on record, according to a filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The deal cemented SpaceX’s place among the world’s most valuable publicly traded companies.

The $135-per share price matched the level SpaceX had previously indicated and implied a market capitalization approaching $1.8 trillion at the time of the offering. At that valuation, Musk, already the world’s richest person, could become the first individual in history to amass a fortune exceeding $1 trillion.

In its IPO filing, SpaceX cast itself as more than a launch and satellite communications company, outlining ambitions that include orbital data centers, lunar infrastructure, asteroid mining, and ultimately cities on Mars as potential drivers of future growth beyond its core businesses.

The offering was structured as a fixed-price, take-it-or-leave-it deal for investors.

The transaction outpaced previous high-profile listings, making it the largest initial public offering on record, ahead of Saudi Aramco’s $29 billion listing in 2019, Alibaba’s $25 billion debut in 2014 and Meta Platforms’ Facebook offering of $16 billion in 2012. SpaceX’s valuation also dwarfs its closest rivals, including Virgin Galactic at about $576.9 million and Blue Origin, a private company estimated by analysts and private transactions at up to $100 billion.

The scale of the offering and SpaceX’s lofty valuation have drawn criticism from some analysts and investors, who question whether the company can justify a valuation of nearly $1.8 trillion without sustained profitability. Critics also cite its continued need for massive capital expenditures as it expands its launch and satellite businesses.

SpaceX was worth roughly $63 per share, less than half the IPO price, according to Morningstar as cited by The Guardian, with strategists arguing that investors were pricing in overly optimistic assumptions and that the valuation had become detached from fundamentals.

Investor Steve Eisman, known for predicting the 2008 US housing crash, warned about risks from the company’s heavy spending and told CNBC that its valuation appeared to reflect speculative expectations around artificial intelligence-related ambitions.

Senator Elizabeth Warren also urged the Securities and Exchange Commission earlier this week to scrutinize SpaceX’s governance and valuation, citing concerns over investor protection and concentrated control.