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Back83歲埃及老奶奶苦讀獲博士學位 凸顯偏鄉女性教育困境
83歲埃及老奶奶苦讀獲博士學位 凸顯偏鄉女性教育困境
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中央社16 hours agoEducation4 min readChinaView translation

83歲埃及老奶奶苦讀獲博士學位 凸顯偏鄉女性教育困境

阿瑪爾克服童婚與病痛重返校園,獲總統塞西公開表揚,其經歷反映埃及偏鄉童婚與童工導致教育中斷的長期結構性問題。

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83歲的埃及老奶奶阿瑪爾(Amal Ismail Metwally Abdo)克服童婚與病痛,於今年取得社會學博士學位,獲總統塞西表揚。其故事凸顯埃及偏鄉女性因童婚、童工與文盲率高而面臨的教育中斷困境。

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Why It Matters

埃及偏鄉地區長期存在童婚與童工習俗,導致女性教育權利受損。根據統計,埃及女性文盲率達21%,且童婚比例在18歲前達15.8%。

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8月底,埃及總統塞西公開表揚一名以83歲高齡取得博士學位的老奶奶,她12歲就被迫輟學走進婚姻,但求學夢想未曾斷過。這不僅是埃及老奶奶個人追夢的故事,也讓人看見埃及偏鄉女性因童婚或童工問題導致教育中斷的長期障礙。

埃及83歲老奶奶阿瑪爾(Amal Ismail Metwally Abdo)站在講台上,引用埃及知名歌星莫尼爾(Mohamed Mounir)的一首歌名,對著台下觀眾說:「我的『夢想』讓我活出人生!」

在全世界先進國家中,老年退休後重拾書本拿下碩博士學位者多有耳聞。然而,在埃及這個如今文盲率仍近17%,且偏鄉地區也普遍存在童婚、童工習俗,導致女童被迫剝奪教育權利的社會中,能夠在近70歲開始從初中程度苦讀,並在83歲拚到博士學位,確實是寥若晨星。

阿瑪爾1943年出生於埃及尼羅河三角洲農業大省達卡利亞(Dakahlia),12歲就按照家族傳統被迫輟學走進婚姻,一直為家庭奉獻;但求學夢想卻未曾在她的心中斷過。

阿瑪爾步入中年後重拾書本,並在38歲取得預科證書(preparatory school certificate)。在此期間,她曾因罹癌而不得不中斷學業與病魔纏鬥。病癒後,她在2011年68歲時重返校園,接著通過高中考試,並進入曼蘇拉大學(Mansoura)攻讀社會學,大學期間又遭遇雙腳骨折等健康危機,但阿瑪爾始終堅持在這條漫長的求學道路上。今年7月,阿瑪爾以論文「研究『活躍老化』與社會學變項的關係」取得博士學位。

阿瑪爾的故事在埃及社群媒體引發廣泛關注,並在7月接受達卡利亞省長召見。今年8月底,埃及總統塞西(Abdel Fattah El-Sisi)更在先知誕辰慶典上表彰阿瑪爾的堅定意志與專注力。埃及媒體「金字塔報」(Al Ahram)報導,塞西在台上特別低頭親吻阿瑪爾的頭部,以表達對她的敬意。

阿瑪爾格外不容易的求學之路,實際上也凸顯埃及偏鄉社會仍待解決的問題:童工生活及女性早婚而中斷教育。

在開羅擔任阿拉伯語家庭教師的勞雅(Rawya)告訴中央社記者,埃及偏鄉地區的教育問題,並非單純以「有沒有學校」來衡量。

依據埃及中央公共動員與統計局(CAPMAS)資料顯示,埃及10歲以上人口文盲率為16.1%,但女性文盲率更高達21%。2021年統計局的資料另顯示,埃及5至17歲童工比例為5%,約130萬人;女性在18歲前結婚比例為15.8%。

聯合國兒童基金會(UNICEF)指出,女性一旦結婚成為全職家庭婦女後,容易因家務、懷孕生育及照顧子女等責任而與社會脫節。童婚女孩較容易失學,也可能面臨較高的健康風險及家庭暴力,並對日後參與勞動市場造成長期影響。

2024年,埃及偏鄉加爾比亞省(Gharbiya)即發生一起令人震驚的悲劇,12歲被母親嫁出去的童婚女孩,在15歲被丈夫從屋頂拋下虐死,因為女孩未經許可吃了一盤麵。

另外,國際勞工組織(ILO)資料顯示,農業是埃及童工最主要的工作領域,尤其集中於社經地位條件極差的農村地區。去年在梅努菲亞省(Menoufiya)發生一起載客小巴與卡車相撞的重大車禍,車內的18名死者都是一群要前往葡萄園工作的女童工。

埃及政府近年開始積極推動「掃盲」及成人教育政策。2025年埃及當地媒體也有報導,埃及衛生與人口部要開始嚴懲18歲以下童婚以及女性割禮罪犯,並特別指出,現在埃及社會的文盲問題與女性教育、農村地區早婚,以及兒童勞動等現象緊密關聯。

對埃及人來說,埃及奶奶博士證明的不只是受教育年齡的差距,更是「教育機會能否延續」的差距。阿瑪爾不僅是高齡學習,也以極為堅強的意志突破種種限制,為自己重新開創受教機會,並以自身經歷成為她論文主題「活躍老化」的最直接實例。

Open Questions

  • 政府未來將採取何種具體措施改善偏鄉教育資源分配?

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This article was originally published by 中央社.

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