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Back中国大规模研究发现:吃肉可能与长寿有关,尤其是在体重较轻的老人中
中国大规模研究发现:吃肉可能与长寿有关,尤其是在体重较轻的老人中
Health
中国新闻网8 hours agoHealth9 min readChinaView translation

中国大规模研究发现:吃肉可能与长寿有关,尤其是在体重较轻的老人中

长期完全不吃肉的老人,成为百岁老人的概率反而更低,蛋白质摄入是影响长寿的重要因素之一。

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复旦大学团队的一项研究显示,长期完全不吃肉的老年人成为百岁老人的概率更低,尤其在体重偏轻的老人中更明显,提示蛋白质摄入对高龄人群长寿的重要性。

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Why It Matters

复旦大学团队利用中国老年健康长寿调查数据对5203名80岁及以上老人进行了长期随访研究。

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长寿饮食通常建议以素食为主,但 2026 年 2 月,一项来自复旦大学团队的研究在中国老年人群中发现,长期完全不吃肉的人,成为百岁老人的概率反而更低,尤其是在体重偏轻的老人中,这种差异更加明显。这提示我们,在真实的老龄社会里,蛋白质摄入可能是影响长寿的重要因素之一。

那么,吃肉为什么可能与长寿相关?中国老年人现在到底吃够蛋白质了吗?吃肉和长寿之间,又是否真的存在因果线索?

吃肉与长寿,到底有没有关系?

首先来看一个正在发生的变化。近些年,中国老年群体出现了一个值得关注的现象:膳食蛋白质摄入量整体呈下降趋势。

一项基于中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)的研究分析了 1991 年至 2018 年中国 60 岁以上人群的饮食变化。结果显示,老年人的平均每日蛋白质摄入量从 63.3 克下降到 57.8 克,同时摄入量低于推荐水平的人群比例明显增加[2]。这意味着,在现实生活中,不少老人已经逐渐处于蛋白质摄入不足的边缘。

这种下降之所以值得重视,是因为蛋白质对老年健康的重要性,并不仅仅体现在补充营养层面。充足的蛋白质摄入还有助于维持肌肉质量、身体力量和免疫功能,也与较低的炎症水平以及更好的身体功能状态相关。

而动物性蛋白——包括肉类、鱼类、蛋类和奶制品——通常含有更完整的必需氨基酸结构,因此在维持肌肉合成方面效率更高,也是老年人较为理想的优质蛋白来源。这也为下面这项研究的发现,提供了一个合理的解释方向。

在这样的背景下,复旦大学团队利用中国老年健康长寿调查(CLHLS)的数据,对 5203 名 80 岁及以上老人进行了长期随访研究,其中包括 1459 名最终活到 100 岁的老人,以及 3744 名未达到百岁的对照人群。

研究结果显示,与既吃植物性食物也摄入动物性食物的人相比,长期坚持素食的人群成为百岁老人的比例更低。进一步分析发现,在体重指数低于 18.5 的人群中,如果长期不吃肉,其成为百岁老人的比例明显更低。

这一发现提示,讨论饮食健康时,年龄和身体状态非常重要。高龄人群往往更容易面临营养不足和肌肉流失的问题。对于年轻人而言,控制总热量、减少加工肉类或许更加重要;但对于 80 岁以上的老人来说,保证营养摄入、避免蛋白质不足,反而成为更加现实的问题。

既然吃肉、摄入足量蛋白质对老年人如此重要,那问题就变成了,具体应该怎么吃,才能真正把这份好处落到实处?

蛋白质怎么吃,

才能真正帮助老年人长寿?

1

来源要多样

蛋白质来源越丰富,老年人越不容易虚弱。

一项针对 2216 名中国老年人的队列研究显示,在 4 年的随访中,有 541 人出现了虚弱状态。而饮食中蛋白质来源越丰富的人——例如同时摄入肉类、鱼类、蛋类和豆类——发生虚弱的比例越低。

研究还发现,以肉类和鱼类为主要蛋白来源的饮食模式,其虚弱发生的比例大约只有最低组的一半。

虚弱并不仅仅意味着体力下降,它往往伴随着肌肉减少、活动能力下降以及免疫功能减弱,同时也与跌倒、住院甚至死亡风险增加相关。因此,在老年人的饮食结构中保持充足而多样的蛋白质来源,有助于维持身体功能和生活质量。

2

时间要趁早

如果说来源多样性关乎老年阶段“怎么吃”,那么蛋白质的影响,其实在更早的人生阶段就已经开始显现,这提醒我们,这件事不能等到老年才开始重视。

在一项纳入 4.8 万名女性的长期研究中,研究人员随访数十年后发现,中年时期蛋白质摄入较高的人,在晚年更有可能保持良好的身体功能和认知状态[4]。在研究样本中,大约 7.6% 的人达到了“健康老龄化”的标准,即没有重大慢性疾病,同时保持良好的心理状态和身体功能。

进一步分析显示,当饮食中的蛋白质比例增加时,无论是动物蛋白还是植物蛋白,实现健康老龄化的人群比例都随之增加,也就是拥有更好的老年健康状况。这说明,充足的蛋白质摄入不仅可能影响寿命长度,也与晚年生活质量密切相关。

看到这里,蛋白质、吃肉对长寿和健康老龄化的价值已经比较清楚了。但也要提醒一句,它的确是长寿这块拼图中重要的一块,但并不是全部。

长寿,不止关乎“吃不吃肉”

饮食不是长寿的唯一决定因素,生活的许多其他方面也都影响着健康和寿命。

在一项纳入 50 多万中国成年人的长期研究中,研究者发现,如果一个人同时具备多项健康生活方式——包括合理饮食、规律运动、不吸烟、不酗酒以及保持健康体重——那么在 40 岁以后,其无重大慢性病的预期寿命会明显延长。

具体来看,拥有全部健康生活方式的人,在 40 岁之后,男性平均可以多获得 6.3 年的无重大疾病寿命,女性则可增加约 4.2 年。

从这些研究综合来看,长寿饮食并不追求极端,而更强调结构均衡。对许多中国家庭来说,一顿有肉、有蔬菜、有主食的普通家常饭,往往比任何单一饮食模式都更接近健康饮食的本质。

真正与长寿相关的,也不单是某一种饮食习惯,而是一种长期健康的生活方式。

Open Questions

  • 不同肉类对长寿的具体影响有何差异?
  • 中国老年人最佳的蛋白质日摄入量是多少?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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