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Back法操》【司想評論】從美國媽媽殺子案看生母殺嬰罪,產後精神病不可忽視!
法操》【司想評論】從美國媽媽殺子案看生母殺嬰罪,產後精神病不可忽視!
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自由时报4 hours agoLaw3 min readChinaView translation

法操》【司想評論】從美國媽媽殺子案看生母殺嬰罪,產後精神病不可忽視!

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美國麻州女子克蘭西涉嫌殺害三名幼童案因審判程序問題宣告無效,其辯護稱案發時她正受產後精神疾病困擾。文章探討法律如何界定「甫生產後」,指出產後精神疾病缺乏明確時間界線,僅以產後天數判斷刑責可能導致不公,強調應綜合考量行為人當時精神狀態而非僅依產後時間長短,以平衡被害人權益與行為人責任評價。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

克蘭西於2023年1月在麻州杜克斯柏住家涉嫌以彈力繩勒死三名幼童,事後自殘跳樓導致終身癱瘓。其辯護稱案發時她正受產後精神疾病困擾。文章討論生母殺嬰罪的法律適用與產後精神疾病的認識標準。

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◎ 法操司想傳媒

近期有則新聞引發美國社會激烈的討論,美國麻州女子克蘭西(Lindsay Clancy)涉嫌殺害3名年幼子女一案,近日因審判程序出現重大問題,法官宣布審判無效。克蘭西的辯護律師則主張,案發時她正飽受產後精神疾病所苦,精神狀態可能是理解這起悲劇的重要關鍵。

現年36歲的克蘭西於2023年1月在麻州波士頓郊區杜克斯柏立(Duxbury)的住家內,涉嫌在地下室以彈力繩勒斃3名年幼子女,犯案後又持刀自殘,並從住家2樓窗戶跳下試圖輕生。雖然她最終生還,但因墜落造成嚴重傷勢,導致終身癱瘓。

「甫生產後」時點怎麼算?產後憂鬱症只有5天嗎?

我們都知道刑法殺人罪當中,有條「生母殺嬰」罪,由於母親甫生產可能會產生產後憂鬱,因此特別設立刑責的減輕。

臨床統計顯示,不少女性在產後會出現短暫的情緒低落,其中部分更可能進一步發展為產後憂鬱症;少數情況甚至會演變成嚴重的產後精神病。生產造成的身體疼痛,加上荷爾蒙變化、長期睡眠不足,以及照顧新生兒所承受的巨大壓力,都可能使部分產婦陷入與一般犯罪者不同的身心困境。

立法者對於生母殺嬰行為採取較為寬緩的刑度,某種程度上也是希望考量產婦在特殊生理、心理狀態下的犯罪原因,而非一律與一般殺人行為同樣處理。

但法律所稱的「甫生產後」究竟應如何認定。過去曾有未婚母親在男嬰出生後第6天將孩子溺斃,檢方即認為已逾「甫生產後」的時間範圍,因此改以刑責較重的普通殺人罪追訴。由此可見,若法律過度著重於生產後經過幾天,可能產生「第5天與第6天」刑責截然不同的問題。

精神醫學上的產後精神疾病並沒有如此明確的時間界線。部分產婦的症狀可能在生產後數日出現,也可能持續數月甚至更久。若僅以生產後經過的天數作為判斷依據,而未進一步檢視行為人案發當時的精神狀態,恐怕難以完整反映產後精神疾病與犯罪行為之間的關聯。這也使「甫生產後」究竟應採時間標準,還是應同時納入精神鑑定結果,成為生母殺嬰罪的重要法律爭議。

從美國克蘭西案到我國生母殺嬰罪

從這起案件,我們可以看出刑法面對產後殺嬰案件時,始終存在一個兩難:一方面,殺害無辜幼童的結果極其嚴重,法律不可能僅因行為人是生母就一概寬恕;另一方面,生產本身可能伴隨劇烈的生理、心理變化,少數產婦甚至可能因嚴重精神疾病而喪失正常的辨識或控制能力。如果完全忽略這些因素,同樣可能造成責任評價上的失衡。

判斷母親為何殺害幼童,不在於「孩子出生多久」,也不是「母親有沒有被診斷出產後憂鬱症」,而是必須回到犯罪行為發生的當下,具體檢視行為人的身心狀態,以及這種狀態究竟對她的辨識能力、控制能力產生多大的影響。

刑法存在的意義不是單純地對犯罪結果作出憤怒的回應,而是在嚴重犯罪的結果之外,進一步追問行為人為何會做出這個行為,以及她當時究竟還有多少能力理解並控制自己的行為。

產後精神疾病並不當然代表「可以殺人不用負責」,但同樣也不應因為行為人是母親,就忽略她可能正在經歷的嚴重精神疾病。如何在被害幼童的生命法益、社會對犯罪的責難,以及行為人當時的真實精神狀態之間取得平衡,才是這類案件最值得法律思考的問題。

本文經授權轉載自法操》【司想評論】從美國媽媽殺子案看生母殺嬰罪,產後精神病不可忽視!

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未來類似案件將增加精神鑑定作為關鍵證據

    Likely · Within months

  • 台灣或其他國家可能檢討生母殺嬰相關法律條文

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 法律應如何具體界定「甫生產後」的時間範圍?
  • 精神鑑定在生母殺嬰案中應扮演何種角色?
  • 如何平衡被害兒童權益與行為人精神狀態的刑責評估?

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