
联合国环境规划署最新报告警告,若不采取更激进的减排措施,全球气温升幅将迈向2.6摄氏度,且部分气候影响可能不可逆转。
联合国环境规划署发布报告称,全球升温幅度恐将暂时突破1.5摄氏度阈值。若不加大减排力度,全球气温升幅将迈向2.6摄氏度。报告强调需采取“超标、达峰、回落”策略,并加速淘汰化石燃料及加强碳清除。
AI-generated summary
2015年《巴黎协定》达成共识,旨在将全球升温幅度控制在远低于2摄氏度,并努力限制在1.5摄氏度以内。当前全球二氧化碳排放量在疫情后持续攀升。
根据联合国环境规划署(UNEP)的说法,若不经历暂时的“升温超标”(overshoot),将全球升温幅度永久限制在较工业化前水平高出1.5摄氏度以内的目标一定无法实现。该机构在一份新报告中警告称,未来几年内气温很可能会突破1.5摄氏度这一阈值。
因此,目前最佳的应对路径是采取“超标、达峰、回落”的策略:即气温先升至超过1.5摄氏度,在尽可能低的峰值处达到顶点,随后再回落至该水平之下。
联合国秘书长古特雷斯表示:“我们必须尽可能缩小升温超标的幅度并缩短其持续时间——即限制气温升高的程度以及气温保持在升温1.5摄氏度以上的时间。”气温每升高哪怕一小部分,或者在超过该阈值的状态下每多持续一年,气候变化带来的风险与影响都会随之加剧。
全球升温幅度正迈向2.6摄氏度
联合国环境规划署指出,按照当前的各项气候行动措施,全球气温较工业化前水平的升幅正迈向约2.6摄氏度。即便在最乐观的情境下,气温升幅也只能在初期被控制在最高约1.8摄氏度。
要实现这一目标,必须全面落实各国气候计划,实现额外的净零排放目标,并迅速且持续地减少温室气体排放。然而现实情况是,全球二氧化碳排放量仍在持续攀升,在新冠疫情过后屡创新高。
联合国环境规划署执行主任英格·安德森(Inger Andersen)在肯尼亚首都内罗毕发布该报告时表示:“现在正是加大气候行动力度的时候,绝非放弃之时。”
联合国环境规划署指出,必要的措施包括加速淘汰煤炭和石油等化石燃料,同时加快可再生能源的推广应用。此外,大幅减少甲烷排放以及加强对土地、森林和海洋的保护也至关重要。
从大气中清除二氧化碳
如果想在气温暂时超过1.5摄氏度阈值后,从长远角度将其降回该水平以下,就必须从大气中额外清除二氧化碳并进行永久封存。
这可以通过植树造林、生态系统修复、增加土壤固碳或采用技术手段等措施来实现。然而,联合国环境规划署指出,未来所需的二氧化碳清除量与实际可行的清除量之间,差距正日益扩大。
环保组织“绿色和平”致力于通过自然的方式降低二氧化碳总量。气候专家斯托佩尔(Jannes Stoppel)呼吁加强对森林、泥炭地和土壤的保护与修复,而非依赖技术解决方案。斯托佩尔解释道:“受气候变暖影响,海洋吸收二氧化碳的能力已大幅下降,因此,森林和土壤才是应对过量二氧化碳的真正希望所在。”
综上所述,二氧化碳清除无法替代快速减排。相反,它必须作为综合措施的一部分,并得到审慎管理。
部分气候影响可能已不可逆转
联合国专家指出,即使只是暂时突破1.5摄氏度的升温阈值,也蕴含着重大风险。有些变化可能突发,而另一些则可能随时间推移而加剧,但并非所有后果都能在日后得到扭转。
联合国环境署特别警告称,极端天气事件将变得更加频繁和剧烈,生态系统将面临流失,小岛国家和低洼沿海城市遭受洪灾的风险也将增加。此外,人类健康、粮食安全、供水系统、基础设施及经济状况也可能遭受严重破坏。
古特雷斯表示:“今年夏天出现的酷热高温、破坏性野火以及致命洪灾,正是对未来局势的警示。”
适应气候变化可能需要数十年时间
联合国环境署不仅呼吁更严格地限制全球变暖,还呼吁加大力度适应已经发生的气候影响。这其中包括,例如,更好地保护民众免受热浪侵袭。建立有效的适应措施可能需要数十年时间,因此必须尽早着手。
南太平洋大学的学者马哈拉杰(Shobha Maharaj)强调:“适应工作绝不能让位于减缓工作:两者必须同时推进,尤其是在风险最高的地区。”
在2015年的《巴黎协定》中,国际社会达成共识,同意将全球升温幅度控制在远低于2摄氏度的水平,并努力将其限制在1.5摄氏度以内。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
全球气温将在未来几年内突破1.5摄氏度阈值。
Likely · Within years

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