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Back間諜、線人與秘密警察:匈牙利公開共產統治時期檔案
間諜、線人與秘密警察:匈牙利公開共產統治時期檔案
Politics
BBC中文29 minutes agoPolitics4 min readChinaView translation

間諜、線人與秘密警察:匈牙利公開共產統治時期檔案

Quick Look

匈牙利政府開始將共產主義統治時期的國家安全檔案上載至互聯網,公開數萬名線人身份及監視記錄。此舉旨在揭開歷史真相,讓公眾了解當年龐大的監控體系,儘管對於是否應進行清算在社會上仍存在爭議。

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Why It Matters

匈牙利在1989年前經歷了長達40年的共產主義統治,期間建立了龐大的監控體系。政府於9月通過立法,決定將國家安全檔案全面公開。

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匈牙利正將其完整的國家安全紀錄檔案庫上載至互聯網,這些檔案可能揭示在1989年前長達40年的共產主義統治期間,誰曾監視鄰居、同事、朋友和親屬。

匈牙利政府表示,這是該國民主轉型過程中的重要一步。

對一些人而言,這提供了一個期待已久的機會,去追尋有關在共產主義政權及其龐大間諜網絡手中遭逮捕、盤問和失蹤事件的解釋。

對另一些人而言,這可能揭開埋藏數十年的痛苦秘密。

作為1980年代共產主義統治下匈牙利的反對派活動人士,巴林特·馬扎爾(Bálint Magyar)知道自己一直受到嚴密監視。

此後,他設法取得國家秘密蒐集的部分個人資料,其中包括一份警方線人的報告,記錄了他在1987年向一群教師發表的演講。報告稱,他「表明我國很快將會發生政權更迭」。

如今,馬扎爾已能以幽默的角度看待此事。他對BBC國際部(BBC World Service)說:「我不記得自己那麼早就已經在談論政權更迭的可能性了。」

他仍不知道那名線人是誰,也不清楚監視其活動行動的任何細節,但這些答案可能很快就會揭曉。

他說:「整套機器本身以及其運作方式,從未向公眾公開。也許,讓所有文件都能完全公開查閱,將有助於讓所有人更清楚地了解整個制度。」

首批檔案從11月4日起公開,當天正值蘇聯武力鎮壓匈牙利1956年民主運動起義70週年。

在隨後數年裏,數百名運動領袖遭監禁和處決。

匈牙利建立了一套龐大的監控體系。合作者從公眾中招募而來,通常透過勒索或賄賂方式,負責監視其所在社群。匈牙利國家安全歷史檔案館負責人格爾戈·本代古茲·切赫(Gergő Bendegúz Cseh)表示,檔案中記錄了5萬至6萬名這類人士的姓名。

切赫說:「我們正在掃描並公開所有前特工的檔案,因此,人們將能夠從現存的文件中了解,不僅某人曾被招募,而且還能了解招募依據是甚麼、招募過程如何進行、他們受到何種勒索,以及他們如何執行任務。」

彼得爾·「西亞米」·米勒(Péter "Sziámi" Müller)曾是1980年代匈牙利地下搖滾圈的一員,該圈子具有顛覆體制色彩。警方線人總是混在人群中監視。

他說:「你會被舉報,然後被帶到警察局,所以,是的,這種事一再發生。」

米勒多年來一直與共產主義體制抗爭,但對於辨認那些合作者感到不安。

他說:「我並不完全認同這樣的想法,即是經過這麼多年後,社會仍需要透過這種清算或宣洩來達成和解,必須把人挑出來、羞辱他們、讓他們蒙羞並加以懲罰;畢竟他們不是已經去世,就是已經進入人生另一個階段。」

公開檔案的立法於9月獲得通過。

在4月以壓倒性優勢擊敗維克托·歐爾班(Viktor Orbán)贏得大選後,總理彼得·馬扎爾(Péter Magyar)表示,其政府將「兌現民主轉型最重要的承諾之一,我們將把現有紀錄向公眾公開,並提供搜尋功能」。

在共產主義垮台後,包括波蘭和德國在內的一些國家更早便開放了檔案。然而,並非所有紀錄都已數碼化,而且查閱範圍有時僅限於個人或家族紀錄。

匈牙利表示,其網上檔案庫將允許任何人進行公開且不受限制的查詢。

但在巴林特·馬扎爾看來,檔案公開得太遲,已無法追究責任。

他說:「問題已不再主要是誰應被追究責任,或誰仍可被追究責任,因為那一代人大多已不在人世,而其他人也早已離開活躍的工作崗位。」

在共產主義垮台後成為國會議員及政府部長的巴林特·馬扎爾,現為布達佩斯中歐大學民主研究所(Central European University Democracy Institute, Budapest)高級研究員。

對他而言,公開檔案的價值不僅在於追究個人責任。

他說:「一個國家不可能一直活在謊言之中,而不以某種方式正視自身的過去。(解密檔案)肯定有助於匈牙利做到這一點。」

Open Questions

  • 檔案公開後是否會引發針對前線人的法律訴訟?
  • 社會大眾對揭露身份的反應如何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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