最高法发布案例惩治抢单“物理外挂”不正当竞争行为,多地出台举措约束平台算法,外卖平台更新订单分配模式、推出“红灯停表”等新举措,提升骑手抢单公平性、配送安全性和效率,推动“算法向善”转化为具体实践。
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外卖行业快速发展中,算法派单机制曾引发骑手抢单不公平、安全隐患等问题,监管部门和平台企业开始推动算法治理与优化。
优化派单机制、增设红灯补时、合理设定配送时间……
【聚焦新就业形态劳动者】“算法向善”照进现实,骑手跑单更加从容
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最高法发布案例惩治抢单“物理外挂”不正当竞争行为,多地出台举措约束平台算法破解跑单“堵点”,外卖平台更新订单分配模式、推出“红灯停表”等新举措……今年以来,有关部门、地方以及平台企业多方发力,推动“算法向善”转化为具体实践。
9月9日,最高法发布案例惩治抢单“物理外挂”不正当竞争行为。使用“外挂”抢单扰乱公平接单秩序的问题,曾经困扰着许多外卖骑手。“以前有不少人用‘外挂’抢单,那些好送的单子、高单价的订单,基本被‘外挂’秒走了。”骑手董永亮说。对此,有外卖平台在全国上线订单新分配模式,改变传统的“拼手速”抢单机制,通过算法综合调配订单,将订单更多分配给顺路程度更高、超时风险更低的骑手。
除了分配抢单新模式,今年以来,“红灯停表”、导航不得推荐逆行或禁行路线、合理设定配送时间等一系列算法优化举措在监管与平台同向发力下陆续落地,为骑手高效跑单减负增效。“算法向善”正一步步从理念转化为看得见、摸得着的具体实践。
平台优化算法,为跑单减负增效
分配抢单新模式落地后,一线骑手们感受到了实实在在的改变,其中最核心的便是抢单公平性的提升。
骑手董永亮告诉记者,新模式上线后,平台抢单“大厅”里的单子明显变多了,拿到好单的概率也随之提升。
同时,骑手们的配送体验也迎来优化。“以前抢单,必须手机快、眼快、手快。如今,终于告别时刻盯着手机刷新抢单的日子。”骑手孙靓靓表示,现在接单不需要手动抢,而是系统自动派单。
骑手韦帅金也有着相同的体验:“现在可以更加专心地骑车,不用老想着拼手速抢单,大家骑行也更安全。”
骑手的配送体验得到改善,订单分配也让配送效率得到了提升,进而带来更好的服务效果。“顺路单多了,少跑了冤枉路,送得更准时了,所以也得到了客户的很多好评。”骑手池梓涛说。
记者采访了解到,目前,外卖平台针对众包骑手上线的分配抢单新模式,是由系统根据该时间段内,参与抢单的所有骑手的背单量、顺路程度、商家出餐等多重因素进行综合判断,然后将订单给到最匹配的骑手进行配送。此模式上线后,骑手仍然可以自主选择要抢哪些单,但能不能抢到,不只看手速快慢,还会看骑手与这单的契合程度。
中央财经大学法学院教授沈建峰认为,抢单功能优化是平台适应行业发展的常态化调适,有助于为平台内劳动者营造有序竞争的环境,是“数据向善”理念的一次生动实践。
政策工具箱扩容,持续推动“算法向善"
近段时间以来,多地多部门相继出台约束平台算法、保障骑手出行安全的相关举措。自1月《生活服务类平台算法负面清单(试行)》印发以来,中央网信办会同有关部门精心组织实施、平台积极响应:在优化订单分配算法方面,抵制不合理的差异化派单、设定同时接单上限、提升接单自主权和选择权;优化时间预估算法方面,设置宽容灵活送达时间、疏通“最后一公里”送餐难、基本取消超时扣款、优化防疲劳算法……一系列算法治理举措,在提升算法透明度、公平性、合理性方面取得了初步成效。
7月,北京市商务局等部门印发《北京市快递、外卖行业非机动车管理办法(试行)》,提出平台经营者应以平均时速不超过法律规定的最高时速计算服务时间,不得推荐逆行、禁行等违法路线。一线骑手们很快感受到了改变。在采访中,受访骑手们普遍反映,新规出台后,平台规划的路线中,没有再出现过逆行和禁行路段,骑行更正规、更安全了。
今年7月以来,苏州、无锡、北京等地陆续推出“红灯停表”试点。对此,不少受访骑手纷纷点赞支持,“出行更安全”“等红灯不用再心急”成为大家提及最多的感受。数据显示,新举措落地后,苏州试点区域日均订单补时71秒,苏州湖东站点闯红灯率下降20.9%,切实为骑手跑单路筑牢安全防线。
打通“算法堵点”,需要久久为功
接单更公平、跑单更安全了,但跑单路上仍有堵点。记者了解到,导航地址不准、写字楼等电梯、小区进门和临时交通管制等,都是骑手反复提到的问题。
优化算法持续打通跑单路上的堵点,还需要多方协同、久久为功。南京大学政府管理学院专职研究员鲍晓鸣认为,算法治理不仅需要平台发力,也需要骑手、政府以及社会群策群力。
首都经贸大学劳动经济学院教授范围建议,平台企业应承担起主体责任。首先要履行算法公开义务,对与劳动者直接相关的算法应该主动向骑手公开;其次要建立完善的解释说明机制,通过平等协商、定期举行恳谈会、骑手申诉等方式,向骑手解释说明相关的算法规则;同时还需遵循算法备案和审计要求,定期对算法相关问题进行评估。
沈建峰表示:“骑手评价算法是否合理,最终看的是收入与工作的匹配度。平台应让骑手清楚地知道怎样的工作方式能获得更高收入,让算法规则更贴近骑手的实际工作。”他建议,派单规则的设计过程中应有骑手代表参与,不仅要考虑平台发展和市场拓展的需要,更要兼顾劳动者权益。
范围表示,在完善平台监管方面也需要持续发力。一方面,要充分发挫平台企业工会的作用,切实代表骑手搜集信息、评估情况;另一方面,要加强行政部门间的协同,加大执法力度,对于派单过程中出现的问题,市场监管、工信、人社等部门之间要信息共享,由相应的行政部门予以约谈、处罚。
本报记者 姜雨晴
《工人日报》(2026年09月11日 05版)
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
更多城市将跟进试点‘红灯停表’等算法优化举措
Likely · Within months
平台企业将逐步建立算法公开和解释机制,增加骑手参与派单规则制定
Possible · Within months

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