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Back红肉桃为何“好看不好吃”?科研团队成功揭秘并找到破解之道
红肉桃为何“好看不好吃”?科研团队成功揭秘并找到破解之道
Science
中国新闻网yesterdayScience10 min readChinaView translation

红肉桃为何“好看不好吃”?科研团队成功揭秘并找到破解之道

中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所桃资源与育种创新团队成功揭开红肉桃酸涩秘密,未来有望实现卖相口感双赢。

Quick Look

中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所团队近期揭开了红肉桃“好看不好吃”的秘密。研究发现,红肉桃颜色红、涩味重、酸度高是因遗传物质控制及关键基因“捆绑”所致,未来有望通过精准修饰和基因编辑培育出好看又好吃的红肉桃。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

红肉桃在我国种植面积不超过20万亩,因花青素含量高营养好但口感酸涩,长期存在“好看不好吃”的问题。

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你吃过果肉是红色的桃子吗?这种红肉桃老百姓习惯叫它“血桃”,切开后果肉和汁水都红得像血。传统品种有中华血桃,也叫朱砂红桃。虽然红肉桃在桃子大家族中属于小众品种,但近年来,红肉桃品种不断发展,还衍生出油血桃、蟠血桃等新类型。

然而,很多人反映,颜值出众的红肉桃吃起来却没那么出众,它酸涩感偏重,有的还偏硬。一直以来,育种家们没有搞清楚其中的原因。近期,中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所桃资源与育种创新团队成功揭开了其中的秘密。那么未来,红肉桃是不是能实现卖相口感双赢,成为“好看又好吃”的桃呢?

红肉桃在我国的桃类版图上属于“小而美”的品类,总面积不超过20万亩,产区主要集中在河南、湖北一带。近年来,红肉桃种植规模扩大得较快。中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所桃资源与育种创新团队成员吴金龙介绍,这得益于红肉桃最大的亮点——营养好。

吴金龙:果肉的红色来自花色苷,也就是俗称的花青素,它能抗氧化、清除自由基,有利于保护心血管和视力。按膳食指南建议,每天摄入50毫克花色苷就有益健康,而红肉桃花色苷的含量是普通桃的十几倍,吃上两个基本就够了。但问题也突出,很多红肉桃看着红艳,咬一口却发酸、发涩,有的偏硬或者熟得快放不住,所以产业上一直有“好看不好吃”的说法。

几十年来,育种家们不停改善红肉桃品种,但酸涩问题一直没有解决。吴金龙团队用两个红肉桃品种杂交,培育出一百五十多株后代,从2021年到2022年连续两年测定果实的色素含量、涩味物质含量和酸度,结果发现红肉桃色泽、涩味与酸度三者总是“捆绑销售”,颜色越红,酸涩味越重。

吴金龙:两年结果一致说明主要由遗传物质控制,不是栽培气候造成的。进一步找位置,控制这三样东西的遗传区域,恰好都挤在桃子的第5号染色体同一小段区间里。这意味着育种家在田里挑出“果肉够红”的单株时,几乎必然把旁边的涩味和酸味一起“打包”带进来。靠传统看、尝、测的表型选择,根本没法拆开。

团队进一步研究第5号染色体,发现了控制红肉桃涩味和酸味的两个关键基因。第一个是名叫PpBL的基因。吴金龙说,这个基因可以理解成一个“总开关”。它很勤快,一手管让桃子变红的色素合成,另一手还管让桃子发涩的物质合成。它像一个能同时按下好几个按钮的开关,直接启动三个下游基因,一个负责把色素加工得更稳定,另外两个专门制造涩味物质。所以只要这个基因一活跃,红色和涩味就同时上来,“红肉一出,涩味跟着来”,这就是涩味甩不掉的根源。

另外一个是控制酸度的主效基因PpTST1。团队在多次实验中,把“总开关”PpBL基因关掉或加强,酸度都没变化,说明这两个基因没有谁指挥谁的关系。那么,为什么两个基因还捆绑这么紧密,甩都甩不掉呢?真正原因是它们在染色体上住得太近,像被拴在一条绳上的两个邻居,遗传时总是“同进同退”。所以红肉桃带酸不是基因多管闲事,而是挨得太近没法轻易甩掉。

为了找出控制红肉桃酸涩的关键基因,团队花费了数年时间,从上百个候选基因里一步步挑出真正起作用的两个,并弄清楚了“一个基因干两件事”和“两个基因住得近”这两种容易混淆的原因,这也是过去一直没讲清楚的核心问题。

既然找到了红肉桃控制口感酸涩的“钥匙”,有没有办法改善它呢?吴金龙的回答是肯定的。

先说涩味怎么解决。问题关键出在一个基因同时管着红色和涩味,解决思路就是“精细调教”,只保留管变红的那一半功能,把管发涩的那一半削弱。比如对它的开关区域做精准修饰,让它“只管变红、少管变涩”,实现红而不涩。

再说酸味怎么办。问题出在控制红色和涩味的基因与控酸基因挨得太近、遗传时捆绑在一起,解决办法是把它们“拆开”:一方面用分子标记辅助育种,在大批后代里专门筛选那些恰好发生交换、把两者分开的稀有个体;另一方面借助基因编辑新技术直接打破捆绑。这条路难度大一些,但方向明确。以前育种靠碰运气,现在有了清晰的基因路线图和分子标记,可以有目的地设计方案,既好看又好吃的红肉桃完全值得期待。

不仅如此,吴金龙还表示,这项研究提出的思路对其他果树甚至其他作物的品质育种都有借鉴价值,而且给育种提供了一套好用的工具。我们不光找到基因,还把有利和不利的基因组合分成了几种类型,做成实验室可直接检测的分子标记。以后育种家在苗期就能判断哪株将来又红又好吃,不用等三五年结果再挑,效率大幅提高。红肉桃天然色素含量是普通桃十倍以上,属于功能性水果,把它变好吃,能让更多老百姓真正吃到这些有益成分。

“好看又好吃”的红肉桃,未来可期!

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 育种家将利用分子标记和基因编辑技术培育又红又好吃的红肉桃新品种。

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 基因编辑改良后的红肉桃何时能大规模商业化种植?
  • 新培育品种在产量和抗病性上是否会有所改变?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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