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Back民生调查局|特惠车、一口价,逼“疯”网约车司机
民生调查局|特惠车、一口价,逼“疯”网约车司机
NEWS
中国新闻网24 minutes agoBusiness9 min readChinaView translation

民生调查局|特惠车、一口价,逼“疯”网约车司机

多地司机反映单价下降,聚合平台竞价模式引发行业争议

Quick Look

中国多地网约车司机反映,受聚合平台低价竞价模式影响,单价持续下降。特惠单已成主流,司机被迫通过延长工时维持收入,专家指出这种挤压司机收入的“内卷式”竞争不可持续,呼吁规范平台价格行为。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中国网约车行业已进入聚合平台主导阶段,通过集中竞价模式比价成为主流。近期多地司机反映单价下降,引发关于平台抽成与低价竞争的讨论。

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中新网11月13日电(钟兴真) 最近,山东省济南市的网约车司机王磊(化名)正为接单发愁。在临近晚高峰时段,没开接单特惠车选项的他在滴滴平台出车3.5个小时后只接到了一单,流水5.8元。

在王磊看来,网约车司机正陷入一个“无解的循环”:“不开特惠,单子会被流走;但开了特惠,就会不断接到低价单。”

近期,中国新闻网《民生调查局》采访了多地多位网约车司机,被迫接受低价订单成为司机集中反馈的问题。对此,有专家指出,若平台低价主要依靠挤压司机收入来维持,这本质上是一种“内卷式”竞争。

“特惠单从开胃小菜变成主菜”

王磊已经跑了三年网约车。据他观察,按平均里程计算,网约车司机赚的单价正变得越来越便宜。“最开始跑网约车时,平均1.8元/公里左右,最多能赚到2元/公里;现在降到了平均1.3元/公里,最多也只到1.5—1.6元/公里。”

虽然网约车的价格会因城市地域不同而有所不同,但多个城市的网约车司机均向记者反映了“单价下降”的问题。

一名曾在浙江省杭州市开了八年网约车的司机也有类似感受。他向记者表示,目前杭州快车订单大概在1.8元/公里左右,6年前则为平均2.3元/公里。“除快车外,其他类型订单多在1.6—1.7元/公里,一口价订单大概1.4元/公里,价格最低的订单1公里都赚不到1元钱。”

在北京跑了10年网约车的白师傅对单价变化的感触更深。用他的话说,在国内网约车“补贴大战”那几年,自己确实“吃到肉了”。高峰期平台给到司机的单价会翻倍,“一个起步价的订单,有可能翻倍以后司机赚到五六十元,而乘客可能只花几元钱甚至不花钱”。

补贴退潮后,司机到手的单价从当年的2-3元/公里,逐渐掉到现在1.2-1.3元/公里,而特惠单的单价在北京只有1.2元/公里左右。

如今,当聚合平台把各种网约车平台聚在一起比价,低价的特惠单就从补充单量的“开胃小菜”变成了“主菜、当家菜”。

“关掉特惠车,订单明显减少”

如果从2010年前后算起,国内网约车生态已历经十几年发展,经历过起步探索,也有过“补贴大战”,到今天“一键多平台叫车”的聚合平台成了主流。

例如,在享道出行的招股书中,这家以2025年GTV计国内排名第六的网约车平台,2023—2025年来自聚合平台的总交易额(GTV)均逾9成,且在逐年增长。

但在司机们看来,聚合平台集中竞价的运营模式是司机端单价降低的主要原因:消费者可以通过聚合平台轻松比价、选择最便宜的订单,网约车司机想要获得客源,则不得不接受低价订单,这也导致司机实际收入进一步降低。

在聚合平台集中竞价模式下,特惠车、一口价成为司机绕不开的流量入口——关掉无单可跑,打开则低价单不断。

“特惠单合不上2元/公里,十来公里的特惠单到手价格只有18—19元钱。”一名在北京开网约车的司机告诉记者,尤其是对于新手司机来说,如果不设置主接特惠单,就会面临长时间无单可跑的情况。

多名网约车司机向记者表示,关掉“特惠车”“一口价”等选项后,订单会明显减少,且接到的订单多为距离较近或目的地较偏远的“坏单”。

因为嫌特惠单、一口价等订单收入过低,一些司机会在乘客上车后,与乘客协商取消平台订单,转为私下交易。一名四川省宜宾市的网约车司机告诉记者,自己曾在今年暑假期间,请一名在滴滴平台打了“惊喜特价”的乘客取消订单,到目的地后再转账给他。“20多公里的距离,本来正常价格是40多元,但这种一口价订单,乘客那边付了32元,平台再抽成,我这边只能赚到25元,这也是没有办法。”

记者注意到,网约车司机这一逃避平台抽成的方式也引发了司乘矛盾。一些网友在社交平台表示,自己曾有类似遭遇,并对司机绕过平台监管的行为表示担忧。

有网约车司机认为,低价订单增多已形成恶性循环:“低价竞争只会让司机和乘客关系更紧张,司机付出了劳动但赚不到合理收入,服务只会越来越差。”

中央民族大学新闻与传播学院教授、互联网平台企业发展与治理研究中心主任郭全中指出,聚合流量端只要有一家小服务商敢长期保本定价,全行业就被迫跟进;即便有平台想稳住运价,乘客一键跳转低价渠道,头部平台也会被动卷入。

“免佣卡、保底奖励藏着套路”

在此背景下,为了吸引司机入驻、抢占市场份额,网约车平台也推出“免佣卡”“保底奖励”等措施。

例如,滴滴、曹操出行等多个平台推出“免佣卡”,能够在特定时间和地理范围内减免平台抽佣。网约车司机可自行选择、按不同档位定价购买。

但“免佣卡”能否真正“免佣”?有司机表示怀疑。

“比如买了特惠车的‘免佣卡’,你可能只能接到快车的长距离订单。”而这些订单无法享受特惠车“免佣卡”服务。

王磊说,这意味着,司机想要跑长距离订单只能接不免佣金的其他车型,让平台参与抽成。

多位网约车司机向记者反映,购买“免佣卡”后,平台派单权重会调整,距离长、单价高的订单会被更多分配给不包含在免佣范围内的订单类型。

另一方面,部分平台推出的“保底奖励”,则迫使司机为了冲单而延长在线时长、接更多低价订单。有司机反映,聚合平台上的小平台为促使司机多接单,常设置按理想路况、满负荷派单测算的保底流水或冲单奖励,高德等聚合平台也会在打车淡季推出类似的保底奖励。

还有司机向记者出示T3的“保底奖励”显示,为获得保底260元的奖励,司机需同时满足“接单≥20单”“完单流水≥保底金额的85%”“在线时长≥8小时”三个条件。但在实际运营中,这种条件几乎不可能被同时满足。司机为达到保底门槛不得不拉长在线时间、接受更多低价单,最终奖励落空,单价反而被进一步摊薄。

“即使完成了单数,但流水金额几乎完不成,非常‘套路’。”王磊向记者表示。

记者也就司机到手单价下降、“不得不接受低价订单”等问题向滴滴出行、高德打车、曹操出行、T3出行等网约车平台询问,截至发稿时未获回应。

“低价竞争不可持续”

“从长远看,这种以牺牲供给端稳定性为代价的低价竞争不可持续。”

武汉大学法学院教授、武汉大学竞争法与竞争政策研究中心主任孙晋指出,低价本身不是问题,关键在于其形成机制:若低价源于技术创新或调度效率提升,那是竞争释放的正常红利;若主要依靠挤压司机收入和压缩安全服务投入来维持,本质上就是一种“内卷式”竞争。

孙晋认为,对司机而言,低价竞争最直接的影响是收入下降。单位时间收益减少的情况下,司机不得不延长劳动时间以维持总收入,从业环境随之恶化。

对小平台而言,低价内卷会压缩其利润空间、增强其对聚合入口的依附性。在集中竞价模式下缺乏定价权的小平台,会逐渐从独立的竞争者退化为流量入口的“运力供应商”,市场的可竞争性因此被削弱。

而对看似是低价单“获益者”的消费者来说,长期低价打车也并非好事。当司机收入被压至临界点,拒开空调、车况下降、服务意愿降低、绕开平台收费等现象会逐渐增多,直接影响消费体验。

近年来,监管部门多次出手,通过约谈平台、签署行业公约等方式,规范网约车平台低价竞争行为。

此外,《互联网平台价格行为规则》已于2026年4月10日起正式实施。规则明确平台经营者不得采取限制流量、算法降权等措施,强制或变相强制平台内经营者降价或者以让利、返现等方式进行促销。

在孙晋看来,当价格成为唯一的竞争维度,平台就会缺乏动力投入安全管理和提升品质,优质运力逐渐流失;低价“内卷”演变为零和博弈后,中小平台与优质运力被迫出清,反而可能为垄断定价埋下伏笔。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 监管部门将进一步加强对网约车平台价格行为的监督与约谈。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 平台是否会对司机反映的单价问题做出回应?
  • 监管部门将如何具体落实《互联网平台价格行为规则》?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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