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Back《紐約時報》評論:石油危機緩慢醞釀後易爆發,油價暴跌將擊毀美國石油業
《紐約時報》評論:石油危機緩慢醞釀後易爆發,油價暴跌將擊毀美國石油業
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自由时报2 hours agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

《紐約時報》評論:石油危機緩慢醞釀後易爆發,油價暴跌將擊毀美國石油業

Quick Look

《紐約時報》評論指出,石油危機通常先緩慢醞釀再爆發,歷史顯示油價暴跌時才是最危險時刻。若伊朗衝突結束、荷姆茲海峽暢通,油價可能回落至每桶30至40美元,將對美國高成本石油生產商造成毀滅性打擊,同時引發全球需求結構變遷與財政衝擊風險。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

自美國與以色列2月攻擊伊朗以來,國際油價曾急升,但歷史顯示石油危機的真正危險時刻往往是供需突然反轉時,而非價格持續上漲。

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《紐約時報》評論指出,石油危機往往先是緩慢醞釀,然後演變成大規模爆發。(法新社資料照)

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕自美國與以色列2月攻擊伊朗以來,國際油價一度急升,如今7個月過去,原油仍在每桶100美元附近,荷姆茲海峽航運持續受阻,美國汽油價格也維持在每加侖約5美元高檔。對此,市場認為,高油價似乎還要持續一段時間,但歷史經驗顯示,石油市場最危險的時刻,往往不是價格一路上漲,而是供需突然反轉。

《紐約時報》評論認為,若伊朗戰事結束、荷姆茲海峽恢復正常航運,油價首先可能回到今年1月每桶60至70美元附近,這只是時間性問題,也不排除有更大幅度的下跌,恐為石油業以及依賴石油的經濟體和國家帶來意想不到的災難性後果。但倘若每桶降至30至40美元,將對美國石油業造成毀滅性打擊。

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文章指出,石油危機往往先是緩慢醞釀,然後演變成大規模爆發。1986年初,沙烏地阿拉伯決定向市場大量增產,以懲罰那些違反產量限制的歐佩克成員國,導致油價從每桶約30美元暴跌至10美元,對美國經濟衰退和全球油價暴跌的雙重打擊,使休士頓陷入了一場堪比大蕭條的危機。

在2008年金融危機後的經濟衰退期間,油價也從每桶約140美元跌至40美元;新冠肺炎疫情期間,從每桶60美元暴跌至20美元。如今,如果油價再次出現類似的下跌,可能會跌至每桶30美元甚至更低。在這樣的價格下,沙烏地阿拉伯或許能從中獲利,但美國石油生產商卻無利可圖。

此外,近日美國商務部長霍華德·盧特尼克表示,美政府希望油價暴跌,計畫是從委內瑞拉開始,逐步打開全球石油供應,目標是將汽油價格永遠維持在每加侖2美元。這意味著,原油價格將降至每桶30至40美元。

儘管這是一個極具吸引力的競選承諾,但如此低的價格將對美國石油業造成毀滅性打擊。美國石油生產商鑽探新井的損益平衡價格超過每桶60美元;頁岩油鑽探商的損益平衡價格甚至更高,那些休士頓那些歡呼雀躍的石油大亨們,以及他們的員工和家屬,很快就會面臨經濟末日。

目前全球每天大約生產與消費1.05億桶液體燃料,包括原油。國際能源署預估,今年全球石油需求將減少每日250萬桶,供應則減少570萬桶,夏季市場主要依靠庫存填補缺口。

另一方面,波斯灣受阻期間,其他產油地區正擴大投資。圭亞那大型油田已進入規模生產,阿根廷推動巴塔哥尼亞增產,委內瑞拉老舊石油基礎設施也可能吸引新資金,若烏克蘭戰爭結束,俄羅斯部分受制裁的石油供應亦可能重新回到公開市場。屆時,問題可能從「油夠不夠」變成「市場還需不需要這麼多油」。

此外,再生能源的擴張,也正在改變長期需求結構。文章指出,今年加州與西歐超過一半電力已來自風能與太陽能等再生能源,而AI與大型科技公司的電力需求,也推動包括小型模組化核反應爐在內的新投資。高油價本身,反而可能進一步加快能源替代。

另一個風險則來自經濟衰退。美國與歐洲負債偏高,借貸成本上升,若全球經濟轉弱,石油需求將在供應增加時同步下降。歷史上,一旦油價開始下跌,部分產油國為維持收入反而會提高產量,結果形成價格愈跌、供應愈多的循環。

油價若回落,對消費者當然是好消息,但文章提醒,若價格真的跌至每桶30至40美元,美國高成本石油生產商將承受巨大壓力,沙烏地阿拉伯與俄羅斯等高度依賴石油收入的國家也可能面臨財政衝擊。因此,油價暴跌可能帶來另一輪的經濟震盪。

一手掌握經濟脈動 點我訂閱自由財經Youtube頻道

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 若伊朗衝突結束且荷姆茲海峽恢復通航,國際油價將回落至每桶60-70美元附近,甚至可能跌至30-40美元。

    Likely · Within months

  • 美國石油生產商在油價跌至每桶30-40美元時將承受毀滅性打擊,因其損益平衡價格普遍超過60美元。

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 伊朗衝突何時結束?
  • 荷姆茲海峽何時恢復正常航運?
  • 美國是否真的會推動油價暴跌至每加侖2美元的目標?
  • 再生能源擴張將如何影響長期石油需求?

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