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Back德语媒体:欧洲急需戒掉“中国瘾”
德语媒体:欧洲急需戒掉“中国瘾”
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德国之声yesterdayOpinion5 min readChinaView translation

德语媒体:欧洲急需戒掉“中国瘾”

欧洲如何应对中国出口管制及科研合作中的国家安全风险

Quick Look

《南德意志报》评论称欧洲需摆脱对华经济依赖,以应对出口管制挑战;《法兰克福汇报》则探讨了德国在科研合作与国家安全之间寻找平衡的必要性,并介绍了德国新设立的科研安全平台。

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Why It Matters

欧洲经济对中国供应链存在高度依赖,特别是在稀土和光伏技术领域。近期中欧贸易摩擦加剧,引发了关于经济自主与科研安全的广泛讨论。

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(德国之声中文网)《南德意志报》评论称,北京的出口管制清单变得越来越长,而欧洲经济高度依赖中国的尴尬处境也随之变得更加明显。欧洲如果不能痛下决心,戒掉“中国瘾”,政治和经济的自主就将成为笑谈。这篇题为《欧洲需要一个戒断疗程》的评论写道:

“北京出口管制举措让欧洲人痛苦地意识到,他们已经持久性地陷入了两难境地。一方面,欧盟正在以前所未有的团结和力量,共同应对着第二轮中国冲击波对欧洲工业基础造成的威胁。欧盟对中国混动车进口做出了限制,出台了一系列保护其他产业的措施,并希望在遭到经济胁迫时,能将相关国家排除出欧洲统一市场。

但另一方面,欧洲经济已经对中国产生了严重的依赖。北京只需几天时间,就可以让欧洲的生产线陷入停摆。去年实施的稀土出口管制,就已经充分展示了中国的实力。光伏产品在能源转型中扮演着重要角色,也是欧洲减少对进口能源依赖的关键。但在硅片晶圆生产领域以及相关的供应链中,中国控制着98%的份额。中国政府之所以要限制太阳能技术的出口,就是为了确保他们在该领域的垄断地位。

北京释放出的信号,让欧洲人的应对战略变得更加复杂。特定情况下将中国公司排除出欧洲市场,这一令人信服的威慑手段似乎已经初见成效:美国将大部分中国产品拒之门外之后,中国急需欧洲市场来消化其过剩的出口产品。通过为中国混动车进口设定上限,欧盟终于扳回了一局。但鉴于欧中双方不断增长的贸易逆差,混动车进口上限也仅只是一个开端而已。至于中国是否也能接受其他领域的进口上限,就不得而知了。”

《南德意志报》评论指出,欧盟除了应继续坚持对话与威慑并用的对华双重战略之外,还急需接受一场摆脱对华依赖的“戒断疗法”,在稀土和能源转型技术领域尤为如此:

“实现多元化是欧盟对华战略中难度最大的部分:它耗时漫长,可能代价也极其高昂;要求企业不再向价格最低的供应商采购,成本自然会水涨船高; 要想对供应链加强管控,就必须增加本土投资,而与此同时,全球范围内对稀土及绿色技术中间产品的需求却在不断增长。

但是,只有降低对中国的依赖,才能削弱北京的施压手段。或许从经济层面上看,这是一笔赔本的生意。但就地缘政治层面而言,这却是一项确保欧盟自主地位的未来投资。”

“科研领域不能闭关锁国”

Cispa德国网络安全中心疑似信息泄露事件曝光之后,如何在德中科研合作与国家安全保障之间取得平衡,引发了热烈的讨论。《法兰克福汇报》评论认为,确保国家安全至关重要,但不能因此而闭关锁国:

“同在科研领域已经实施闭关锁国政策的美国不同,德国政府非常清楚,德国不仅在经济领域,在科研领域也同样离不开同中国的合作。得益于巨大的资金投入,中国在2049年前成为全球一流科技强国几乎已经没有悬念。

过去的经验显示,确实有一些科研人员和机构,在与中国同行的常年合作中疏于警惕,以至于泄露了科研成果。有鉴于此,亥姆霍兹科研联合体已经建立了负责科研安全的专门机构,以便为科研人员提供有针对性的咨询和保护,具体内容涉及保密及出口管制。但这种做法也难保万无一失。而对于大学和教授来说,仅出于成本考虑,设立这样的安全机构就是脱离现实的想法。

有鉴于此,同一直担忧政府干预的科研机构进行协商,并听取了科学委员会建议之后,德国政府设立了一个全国性科研安全平台。该平台不仅将就国家安全展开风险评估,还将就具体的科研合作计划提供咨询。该平台既能保障同安全部门的合作,又能确保科研自由不受干预。该平台将由科学委员会设立,隶属联邦科研部,并由联邦政府提供资金。

今后,只要有望取得卓越的科研成果,德国仍愿以高度开放的态度去开展同中国的基础科研合作。当然,涉及无人机制造和无人机防御等敏感领域时,德国更希望回避合作所带来的风险,这显然也是一种理智的做法。”

Open Questions

  • 中国是否会针对其他领域实施类似的出口限制?
  • 德国科研安全平台在实际操作中如何平衡安全与科研自由?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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