Back一面雷峰塔铜镜,如何照见古今
一面雷峰塔铜镜,如何照见古今
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中国新闻网2 hours agoCulture3 min readChinaView translation

一面雷峰塔铜镜,如何照见古今

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雷峰塔地宫出土的‘光流素月’铜镜刻有赏月场景,25年后在雷峰新塔举办同名活动,考古学者与文史专家通过铜镜探讨中秋赏月源流及吴越国衣冠风华,并发布相关研究著作。

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Why It Matters

雷峰塔地宫于2001年出土多件文物,其中包括刻有赏月场景的‘光流素月’铜镜。中秋赏月习俗源自唐代,经历皇家与民间融合,逐渐形成固定节日。

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中新网杭州9月26日电 题:一面雷峰塔铜镜,如何照见古今

作者 曹丹 孙琳茹

9月25日晚,中秋佳节。杭州雷峰塔内,一轮明月与西湖夜色相映。

25年前,雷峰塔地宫出土了一面刻着赏月场景的铜镜;25年后,一场以“光流素月照衣冠”为题的活动在雷峰新塔举行,考古学者与文史专家围坐一起,重读这面铜镜,也由它讲起中秋赏月的源流和吴越国的衣冠风华。

9月25日晚,“光流素月照衣冠”活动现场。曹丹 摄

时间回到2001年,浙江省文物考古研究所对雷峰塔地宫开展考古发掘,出土石刻佛经、铭文砖、建筑构件及佛教遗物等77件(组)编号文物,其中包括10面铜镜。

“这面‘光流素月’镜子,是地宫出土文物中的第37件。”时任雷峰塔地宫考古发掘领队黎毓馨回忆。

这面铜镜直径10.3厘米,圆钮,镜背内区四只瑞兽环钮奔跑,间饰缠枝葡萄,外区镌刻一周铭文“光流素月,质禀玄精。澄空鉴水,照回凝清。终古永固,莹此心灵”。最特别的是,铜镜照容的一面刻有一幅线刻画,完整再现古人赏月场景。

“光流素月”镜面上的线刻图像。(资料图,主办方供图)

“‘光流素月’铜镜风格承袭隋、初唐瑞兽骈体文风格。”浙江省文物鉴定站研究馆员王牧介绍,镜面上,线刻图像布局疏密有致:画面中心为一对人物,上方广寒宫居于云端,北斗七星横亘天际,龙腾凤舞、仙鹤盘旋,鼓、拍板、横笛等乐器相伴;下方屋舍树木分列两侧,道士、女童和乐工依次排布,仪仗俨然。天上与人间借一轮明月连成一片。

浙江大学求是特聘教授、丝绸艺术与丝路文化研究中心主任赵丰解读,线刻图像上半部分是道教月宫传说,下半部分则呈现吴越国中秋赏月图景。“当时佛道交融、秉持‘万善同归’理念,这也是这件兼具双教意象的铜镜得以埋入雷峰塔地宫的缘由。”

铜镜上的赏月场景,不禁让人追问:中国人从什么时候开始中秋赏月?

“唐代开元以后,中秋玩月诗大量出现。”上海社会科学院文学研究所副研究员朱红在梳理赏月习俗流变时说,以《全唐诗》为例,以八月十五为题的唐诗有130余首,作者大多生活在开元年间及以后。

中国人咏月传统由来已久。从《诗经》到魏晋南北朝,文人常借明月抒怀。曹操“明明如月,何时可掇。忧从中来,不可断绝”便是一例。

朱红指出,这类诗篇的共同特点是诗境清冷,营造出神仙之境。“彼时玩月并不拘泥时日,尚未集中到八月十五。”

在她看来,八月十五成为赏月之日,是皇家文化与民间信仰长期汇流的结果。

朱红介绍,唐玄宗晚年崇奉道教长生之说,“明皇游月宫”的故事广为流传,为中秋添上浓厚的道教色彩。民间则相传八月十五是东晋道士许逊升天之日,百姓于此日聚集祈福。至唐代,参与民众可达万人,踏歌欢聚,已初具节日形态。

文人雅赏与民间信仰相融。“这为宗教仪式到世俗化节日的转变提供了一种可能,也为赏月在宋代成为全民节日埋下伏笔。”朱红说。

中国国家博物馆研究馆员林硕认为,中秋节的渊源还可追溯到先秦的秋收祭祀,“《大戴礼记》中已有周天子‘秋暮夕月’的记载”。他还提到一个有趣的说法:唐玄宗千秋节在八月初五,唐肃宗生辰节在九月初三,两节日相隔不足一月,民间取其中间时日,慢慢形成八月十五欢庆的习俗。

“唐宋时期,人们在中秋节食用‘玩月羹’,如今已经失传。‘月饼’一词虽见于宋代,但当时为蒸制,烤制月饼互赠的习俗直至明代才普遍流行。”林硕说。

天上月宫是传说,人间衣冠却是实录。铜镜上的人物衣着,为今日学者复原吴越国服饰提供了依据。

赵丰介绍,吴越国服饰复原即以这面铜镜的图像为核心参照,结合雷峰塔阿育王塔造像、法门寺地宫出土丝绸文物相互印证。研究团队复原出缭绫、绶带纹绫、宝花纹罗等古代面料,依照印金、印花等传统工艺,裁制吴越国服饰。

9月25日晚,四位模特身着复原的吴越国服饰进行走秀。曹丹 摄

活动现场,四位模特身着复原的圆领袍、长裙大袖袍、云肩羽袖袍等吴越国服饰动态走秀,宽袖云肩间,千年前的风尚重新“走到”人们眼前。

当晚,赵丰团队所著《光流素月照衣冠:雷峰塔地宫所见吴越国丝绸与服饰》一书正式发布。北京大学博雅讲席教授荣新江现场评价,该书整合出土文物、图像史料与文献记载,辅以当代手工技艺再现历史场景,让大众得以窥见吴越文化对唐代长安文脉的承接。

人生代代无穷已,江月年年只相似。

镜铭里“莹此心灵”四字,意指照亮持镜人的心;千年后古镜重光,照见的,是文脉未断,风俗依旧。(完)

Open Questions

  • 铜镜上的具体铭文含义尚有哪些未被解读的层面?
  • 吴越国服饰复原过程中是否存在其他未被公开的材料或工艺争议?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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