
人類大腦擁有數百億個神經細胞,光遺傳學技術透過綠藻感光特性替特定細胞裝上專屬開關,實現以光精準操控思考與行為的突破。
今年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎聚焦「光遺傳學」,科學家利用綠藻感光蛋白質與基因工程,成功以一束光在千分之一秒內精準操控動物大腦神經細胞,並已推展至人類眼科臨床試驗讓盲人重獲光感。
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傳統研究大腦依賴電流或藥物刺激,難以精確定位特定細胞。光遺傳學結合綠藻感光基因與基因工程解決此難題。
諾貝爾委員會官方插圖描繪女性下棋時,大腦神經元被電燈開關的光束精準點亮。該圖生動象徵科學家借用綠藻感光特性為腦細胞裝上開關,實現以一束光精準操控思考與行為的革命性突破。(擷取自諾貝爾官網)
人類大腦擁有數百億個交錯纏繞的神經細胞,過去想單獨操控其中幾顆細胞而不波及鄰居,幾乎是不可能的任務。今年奪下諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎的「光遺傳學」(Optogenetics),正是替特定腦細胞裝上「專屬感光開關」的革命性技術。
諾貝爾委員會科普資料指出,傳統研究大腦主要依賴電極刺激或藥物,但電流會順著腦組織四處亂竄,藥物則會擴散全身且作用緩慢,科學家始終難以精準確認「到底哪幾顆細胞負責哪種情緒或動作」。這個困擾學界數十年的僵局,破口竟然來自池塘裡的單細胞綠藻。
德國學者黑格曼(Peter Hegemann)與納格爾(Georg Nagel)研究發現,綠藻雖然沒有眼睛,卻能精準朝著陽光游動,關鍵在於綠藻表面有一種特殊的「感光蛋白質」,只要照到特定光線就會打開通道讓電流通過。美國學者代塞羅斯(Karl Deisseroth)隨後突發奇想,利用基因工程把這段「綠藻感光基因」放進動物的特定大腦神經細胞裡。
照光瞬間開關 盲人臨床重獲光感
如此一來,只有裝上綠藻開關的目標神經細胞會對光產生反應,周圍數百萬顆沒有裝開關的細胞則完全不受影響。科學家只要透過比頭髮還細的光纖照光,就能在千分之一秒內隨時「開啟」或「關閉」目標細胞。在動物實驗中,研究人員只要打開光源,就能讓原本吃飽的小鼠瞬間開始進食,或是直接切換特定的恐懼與記憶反應。
這項技術目前已成為全球實驗室解開記憶、睡眠、憂鬱症與帕金森氏症大腦迴路的標準工具。由於需植入基因與光纖,現階段針對大腦的直接操控仍集中於動物實驗;但醫學界已將其推進至人類眼科臨床試驗,透過將感光蛋白注入視網膜,成功讓因遺傳性眼疾失明的患者重新看見物體輪廓。

Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, announced on Monday that this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine will be awarded to Deisseroth, Hegermann and Nagel in recognition of their outstanding contributions in the field of optogenetics, kicking off this year's Nobel Prize winning series.

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three scientists, Deisseroth, Hagermann and Nagel, for their discovery of light-sensitive ion channels and the creation of optogenetics, which enabled the breakthrough of using light to precisely switch nerve cells on and off in the living brain.

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their pioneering research into light-gated ion channels and optogenetics.

After nearly eight years of research, Yang Shuyi's team, associate professor at the Institute of Plant Science at National Taiwan University, discovered that the transcription factor IDD7 is a key switch in maintaining the symbiotic relationship between rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Its absence will reduce the degree of fungal symbiosis and affect the development of nutrient exchange structures. The research results have been published in the international journal "Nature Communications".

On October 4, my country’s Himalayan “8·26” extreme geological disaster emergency cross-border scientific expedition team set off from Chengdu to Nepal. More than 50 scientific researchers will conduct a joint cryospheric and lithospheric catastrophe emergency joint scientific expedition to trace the origin of the cross-border debris flow disaster caused by glacier collapse on the northern border of Nepal in the entire basin.

The 500-meter spherical radio telescope "China Sky Eye" celebrates its tenth anniversary. Over the past ten years, the scientific research team has overcome difficulties and discovered more than 1,300 pulsars, producing a number of original results with global influence, pushing my country into the forefront of radio astronomy research.