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Back中国出口暴增消费疲软 经济隐忧难化解
中国出口暴增消费疲软 经济隐忧难化解
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德国之声1 hour agoBusiness7 min readChinaView translation

中国出口暴增消费疲软 经济隐忧难化解

中国9月出口同比增长36.3%,尽管全球需求强劲,但国内消费疲软及与欧美贸易失衡加剧了保护主义风险。

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中国海关总署数据显示,9月出口同比增长36.3%,前三季度累计贸易顺差达9381亿美元。强劲的出口主要由AI相关产品及汽车驱动,但国内消费疲软及对欧美贸易失衡引发了贸易摩擦与配额限制。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中国出口在2025年持续增长,但国内房地产市场低迷导致内需疲软。欧美国家对中国出口激增表示担忧,并采取了关税及配额限制措施。

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(德国之声中文网)中国海关总署周三(10月14日)公布的数据显示,9月份中国出口出现大幅攀升,推动今年全年的贸易顺差有望创下历史新高,这可能加剧中国与欧盟及美国之间的贸易摩擦。

根据官方数据,以美元计,中国9月份出口同比增长36.3%,从8月份25%的增速进一步加快,创下自今年2月以来的最快增速。进口方面则同比增长31%,同样高于8月份28.2%的增幅。由于进出口增速双双超过此前彭博社调查预期的25.7%与25%以及路透社预期的25.5%,中国9月单月录得1335亿美元的贸易顺差,为2025年1月以来的最高水平。

截至9月底,中国今年前三季度的累计贸易顺差已达到9381亿美元。法新社与路透社报道指出,这一数字让作为世界第二大经济体的中国,有望打破去年创下的近1.2万亿美元的全年最高纪录,且跨过1万亿美元大关的时间节点显著早于去年。

高科技出口与内需疲弱形成反差

法新社与德新社的报道指出,推动9月进出口超预期增长的主要动力之一,是全球及中国国内对人工智能(AI)相关产品(如半导体与计算设备)的强劲需求,以及相关产品价格的上涨。海关数据显示,9月份集成电路出口在数量上仅微增1%,但按美元金额计算却飙升了136%;今年1至9月,半导体出口金额同比增长108.1%,自动数据处理设备及其零部件出口也增长了54.6%。与此同时,全球对中国电动车及混合动力汽车的需求保持高位,9月份汽车出口量同比增长56.3%,前9个月汽车出口额增长54.3%。

但在出口强劲的背后,中国国内消费与投资受房地产市场多年低迷的拖累,依然处于疲软状态。法新社提及,中国8月份社会消费品零售总额同比仅微增0.4%。面对国内需求的乏力,北京方面主要依赖出口来支撑其制定的4.5%至5%的年度经济增长目标。本周二,国际货币基金组织(IMF)将中国2026年的经济增长预期下调至4.5%,并预计2027年将进一步放缓至4.0%,IMF警告称,强劲的出口无法完全抵消内需的疲弱。

荷兰国际集团(ING)大中华区首席经济学家宋林(Lynn Song)对路透社表示:“主要的贸易关系预计在年底前保持稳定,这将维持今年最重要的增长引擎运转。”然而,分析人士普遍认为,尽管中国官方近期出台了房贷利息补贴等提振举措,但扩大内需尚未成为今年的主要优先事项。

中欧巨额失衡引发汽车配额限制

中国外贸的亮眼表现加剧了其与主要西方经济体的失衡格局。德新社与法新社引述的数据显示,9月份中国对欧盟出口增长25.3%,自欧盟进口却基本停滞,仅微增0.7%(对德国出口大增31.4%,自德国进口仅增0.1%);中国对欧盟的单月顺差达348亿美元。此外,由于去年同期相互加征关税导致的低基数,中国9月对美出口同比增长39.6%,对美顺差超过340亿美元,创下20个月以来的新高。

鉴于欧盟与中国的双边贸易逆差每天已经超过10亿欧元,欧盟贸易主管谢夫乔维奇(Maros Sefcovic)上周在北京与中国商务部部长王文涛展开会谈。据路透社与法新社报道,双方达成了一项为期四年的协议,对中国向欧盟出口的混合动力汽车设定每年35万辆的配额上限,并允许每年递增6%,首批具体限制措施预计自12月初开始落地。谢夫乔维奇称这是扭转中欧贸易不平衡的“第一步”,并指责中国通过补贴与不公平贸易手段排挤欧洲企业。中国商务部周一表示,在双方进行“密集磋商”后达成的这项新协议将使出口保持增长,并确保与其他国家相称的配额。

新华社周三报道,中国国务院副总理何立峰周二在北京会见法国总统马克龙的首席外交顾问博纳(Emmanuel Bonne)时表示,双边关系具有巨大潜力,中国愿同欧方共同努力,为经贸关系注入更多稳定性和正能量。

外需增长模式面临多重长期阻力

尽管中国国家主席习近平上个月在华盛顿与美国总统特朗普举行会晤,双方承诺延长贸易休战协议并探索在各自300亿美元的商品上削减关税,但华盛顿今年针对中国产能过剩的调查仍在持续进行。

康奈尔大学贸易政策教授普拉萨德(Eswar Prasad)向美联社指出,中国的许多贸易伙伴面临经济增长乏力的局面,并十分担忧本国制造业被来自中国的出口商品所冲击。与此同时,部分政策制定者认为人民币汇率走软使得中国出口商品更加便宜,但北京方面重申“没有必要也没有意图”通过货币贬值获取竞争优势,强调出口增长源于产业的全球竞争力。

外部市场的监管收紧与需求变数正在累积。法国巴黎银行资产管理公司(BNP Paribas Asset Management)高级市场策略师比戈斯(Ecaterina Bigos)在接受美联社采访时警告称,中国高科技出口模式极度依赖开放市场,将出货目的地分散至东南亚或拉美虽有帮助,但无法完全替代西方市场的需求。凯投宏观(Capital Economics)中国经济学家阮黄南(Nguyen Hoang Nam)同样在给法新社的报告中指出,中国对欧盟和英国的贸易顺差创下新高,布鲁塞尔正在考虑将限制措施扩大至更多战略性行业。

此外,行业周期的变化亦构成潜在隐患。美国部分科技业领袖此前出于安全考量呼吁在全球范围内放缓人工智能的研发步伐。世界大型企业联合会(The Conference Board)亚太区经济学家曾林(Max Zenglein)对此分析认为:“全球人工智能投资周期的放缓,可能比其他国家施加的贸易限制对中国出口增长构成更大的威胁。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟将于12月初开始实施混合动力汽车配额限制

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中国如何有效提振国内消费以替代出口依赖?
  • 欧盟配额限制对中国车企的长期盈利影响如何?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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