
恰特草種植占用大量水資源並加劇家庭貧困,使葉門陷入糧食不安全困境
葉門內戰導致1830萬人面臨急性糧食不安全。除了戰爭因素,長期嚼食恰特草的文化不僅消耗珍貴水資源,更因高昂的消費支出加劇家庭貧困,使葉門陷入缺水、缺糧與經濟依賴的惡性循環。
AI-generated summary
葉門長期處於內戰狀態,導致嚴重的經濟崩潰與糧食短缺。恰特草嚼食文化在當地有數百年歷史,已成為重要的社交與經濟活動。
內戰讓葉門現有1830萬人面臨急性糧食不安全。除了戰爭影響,背後還有一道早已深植葉門日常生活的恰特草嚼食文化,因為種植占用大量珍貴地下水,嚴重影響葉門糧農發展,導致人民深陷在貧窮與飢餓惡性循環中。
恰特草(Qat)是一種生長於東非及阿拉伯半島的灌木植物,葉片含卡西酮(cathinone),咀嚼後會產生類似興奮劑的效果,在台灣已被列管為第二級毒品。
然而,恰特草對葉門人來說,不只是一株可以提神醒腦的植物,更是一種已深入日常生活的社交文化。
葉門人在午餐過後習慣組織一個「恰特聚會」,一邊將一整株的恰特草送入嘴中咀嚼,一邊喝茶聊天,甚至成為他們談成生意的重要場合。
根據聯合國糧農組織(FAO)2023年統計,多達70%的葉門男性有嚼食恰特草的習慣。
在一般葉門人的觀念中,不嚼恰特草有時不只是少了一種娛樂,也可能會少掉一個與親友連結的機會,甚至失去商業夥伴。
一名葉門人荷拉尼(Kholani)接受「國家地理頻道」節目訪問時稱:「恰特讓我與人交談時保持充沛活力。」
另一名大學生瓦特法(Watfa)則告訴「葉門時報」(Yemen Times):「恰特草是給我的祝福,讓我可以連續唸書16小時都不累;但也是一種詛咒,因為我知道這玩意兒對健康不好。」
長期使用恰特草不僅會在身體產生神經毒性,葉門人習慣將葉片反覆咀嚼,吞下汁液後,直接將碎葉含在臉頰一側,長久下來,臉部肌肉組織便逐漸增生並明顯鼓起,形成葉門街頭常見的特殊異型臉部輪廓。
這個有數百年歷史的傳統,如今也成為葉門水資源、農業、家庭支出危機的一環。
聯合國糧農組織指出,葉門是全世界最缺水的國家之一,農業約占全國總用水量90%,其中約有30%用於種植恰特草。然而,長期種植高度耗水的恰特草,讓葉門為數已不多的地下水消耗更快,並進一步威脅糧食生產。糧農組織在2023年便已對葉門提出強烈建議,減少恰特草種植面積,改種植如咖啡等較節水的經濟作物。
不過,葉門智庫「沙那中心」(Sanaa Center)今年最新研究指出,葉門恰特草種植面積在戰爭期間反而增加,因為國內本身需求大,「可快速變現」。
農民歐沙瑪(Ossama)接受卡達半島電視台訪問時說:「我以前種小麥,但收益不穩定。現在靠恰特就可以養活家人,因為市場需求穩定、利潤也高,我甚至還有餘錢可以投資做生意。」
另一名葉門農民沙雷(Saleh)也向當地媒體「Fanack」稱:「種恰特可以為我帶來最快、最高的收入。」
恰特草雖然是農民眼中的高收益經濟作物,但對於使用者來說,長期大量購買恰特草的支出,也讓他們收入本就微薄的家庭陷入更沈重的財務支出泥淖,吃掉部分應該用來買食物的預算。
沙那中心引用研究指出,約20%的葉門家庭因購買恰特草而負債,且因戰爭導致的貨幣貶值及恰特價格上漲,使更多葉門家庭的經濟壓力更加惡化。
聯合國9月對葉門飢餓危機提出警告,指葉門目前有1830萬人處於第3級「急性糧食不安全」(acute food insecurity);聯合國糧食計劃署(WFP)同時也強調,葉門人民飢餓問題的最深層原因是「沒錢買食物」,而不只是「欠缺食物」。
葉門農民為養家而選擇種植恰特草,一般民眾又把微薄的收入花在消費恰特草上,導致社會陷入「缺水、缺糧、貧窮、繼續依賴恰特」的惡性循環中。

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