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Back美國中期選舉是甚麼?這是一份簡易指南
美國中期選舉是甚麼?這是一份簡易指南
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BBC中文1 hour agoPolitics3 min readChinaView translation

美國中期選舉是甚麼?這是一份簡易指南

Quick Look

美國將於11月3日舉行中期選舉,選出全部435席眾議員和35席參議員。選舉結果將決定國會控制權落於共和黨或民主黨,從而影響特朗普推行其內政與外交政策的能力。若民主黨奪回任何一院,將限制特朗普的立法議程,並可能啟動調查或彈劾程序;若共和黨維持控制權,則特朗普可繼續推進其施政計劃。選舉同時被視為對特朗普施政滿意度的公民投票,其支持率目前約37%。關鍵議題包括經濟、通脹、移民和人工智能監管。多個搖擺州的州長選舉也將同步進行。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國中期選舉每兩年舉行一次,於總統任期中間進行。此次選舉將決定國會兩院的控制權,目前共和黨在眾議院僅以218席(含一名親共和黨獨立議員)微弱優勢領先,參議院則以53席領先。選舉結果將影響特朗普推行政策的能力,並被視為對其施政表現的公民投票。

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美國中期選舉在11月舉行,屆時選民將參與一場投票,而這場選舉的結果可能對唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump;川普)餘下的總統任期產生重大影響。

甚麼是中期選舉?

11月3日,美國人將選出國會議員。國會由兩部分組成,即眾議院和參議院。

選舉每兩年舉行一次;當選舉在總統四年任期的中間舉行時,便被稱為中期選舉(midterms)。

國會的一項重要職責是制定及通過聯邦法律,也就是適用於全國的法律。

中期選舉的結果將決定哪個政黨能控制國會,是特朗普所屬的共和黨,還是在野民主黨,以及總統推行其計劃的難易程度。

選舉結果也被視為衡量美國民眾迄今對總統施政表現滿意程度的指標。

誰將被選?

眾議院是國會的下議院,全部435個議席都將進行改選。眾議員任期固定為兩年。眾議院通常是提出和辯論法案的地方。

與此同時,參議院這個上議院的100個議席中,將有35席改選。參議員任期為六年。除了其他職責外,他們還負責批准或否決由眾議院提交的法案。

同一天,美國大部分地區的選民也將選出州級官員。加利福尼亞州(California)、佛羅里達州(Florida)、佐治亞州(Georgia;喬治亞)和密歇根州(Michigan;密西根)的州長選舉將是最受關注的選戰之一。

這次選舉有哪些主要議題?

美國經濟是許多選民關注的焦點,尤其是那些正承受燃料、食品雜貨、住房和醫療保健價格壓力的人。

通脹率仍高於美國聯邦儲備系統所設定的目標水平,部分原因是美國和以色列於2月與伊朗爆發的戰爭。

民主黨人認為,特朗普的貿易關稅政策也推高了美國民眾的生活成本。

移民是另一個關鍵議題。共和黨人表示,特朗普透過收緊邊境管控,並對非法移民展開大規模且經常引發爭議的打擊行動,兌現了他在2024年競選期間的一項重要承諾。

近幾星期來,對人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI;人工智慧)的憂慮變得更加迫切。兩黨的資深政治人物均同意有必要對其進行監管,這使他們與特朗普形成對立立場;特朗普一直反對制定法律來規管這項技術的發展。

中期選舉有哪些利害攸關之處?

國會是政府三大分支之一,與總統職位和司法機關並列。哪個政黨控制國會,對立法方向具有重要影響。

目前,眾議院和參議院均由共和黨控制,但其優勢相當微弱。共和黨在眾議院擁有218席,這正是取得控制權所需的最低席次,另加一名在投票時與共和黨立場一致的獨立議員。

在參議院,共和黨擁有53席。只有當民主黨贏得51席時,這個上議院的控制權才會易手,因為若雙方各獲50席,現任屬於共和黨的副總統可投下關鍵的決定性一票。

如果在野的民主黨重新取得至少一個議院的控制權,他們將獲得權力,把自己的法案提交議會審議。

誰可能勝出?

過往選民往往傾向於「懲罰」總統所屬政黨,投票反對執政黨。

近期民調顯示,總統的支持率偏低。根據民調資料網站席佛公報(Silver Bulletin)的數據,特朗普展開第二個總統任期時的支持率略高於50%,但到10月初已降至約37%。與此同時,61%的受訪者表示不支持他。

不過,並非兩院的所有議席都存在激烈競爭。有些選區幾乎穩定由共和黨或民主黨勝出。

BBC在美國合作夥伴哥倫比亞廣播公司(CBS)指出,有九場參議院選戰值得關注,包括艾奧瓦州(Iowa;愛荷華/衣阿華)和新罕布什爾州(New Hampshire)的選舉;另有42場眾議院選戰值得留意,包括亞利桑那州(Arizona)和俄亥俄州(Ohio)的選舉。

今年的選情更難預測,原因是兩黨圍繞眾議院選區劃分方式展開角力。

共和黨試圖透過在部分州份設計對自己更有利的選區地圖來爭取優勢,而民主黨也採取了同樣做法。

選舉結果對特朗普有何意義?

如果民主黨贏得眾議院或參議院任何一院的控制權,特朗普將很難再讓任何法案在國會獲得通過。

因此,他的內政計劃可能會受到阻礙,儘管他已找到一些方法在不完全依靠所屬政黨的情況下行使權力。

如果民主黨控制任何一院,也意味著他們可以利用委員會調查特朗普總統任期內的各項事務。有關貪腐的指控、新建的白宮宴會廳以及移民與海關執法局(ICE)的執法策略,都可能成為審查對象。

民主黨內部亦就是否彈劾特朗普存在辯論。所謂彈劾,是指在國會提出指控,作為政治審訊而非刑事審訊的依據。

如果共和黨繼續控制國會,特朗普便能在餘下任期內持續推進其施政計劃。

2026年的中期選舉將如何影響2028年大選?

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 民主黨將在眾議院或參議院中奪回至少一院的控制權

    Possible · Within weeks

  • 若民主黨控制國會任何一院,將啟動對特朗普的調查,可能涉及貪腐、白宮宴會廳建設及ICE執法策略

    Likely · Within months

  • 兩黨將在眾議院選區劃分上繼續激烈角力,影響未來選舉格局

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 民主黨是否能夠贏得眾議院或參議院的控制權?
  • 特朗普在國會失去多數黨支持後,是否仍能透過行政命令推行政策?
  • 選舉結果將如何影響2028年總統大選的格局?
  • 人工智能監管議會是否能跨黨派達成共識?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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