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Back美国有史以来最贵的中期选举
美国有史以来最贵的中期选举
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中国新闻网23 minutes agoPolitics9 min readChinaView translation

美国有史以来最贵的中期选举

2026年美国中期选举广告支出达118.7亿美元创新高,直接筹款占优的民主党候选人在多场关键选战中获胜,总投入更高的共和党阵营反而落败。

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2026年美国中期选举广告支出达118.7亿美元创历史新高。尽管共和党在外部团体和总投入上占优,但直接筹款领先的民主党候选人在多场关键选战中胜出。高额开支凸显了暗钱、披露滞后及联邦选举委员会监管失效等老问题。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

2026年美国中期选举于11月3日举行,广告监测机构AdImpact统计显示本周期政治广告支出创下118.7亿美元新纪录。

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2026年美国中期选举在11月3日投票。广告监测机构AdImpact统计,截至11月2日,本周期政治广告支出达到118.7亿美元,超过2024年总统选举周期的112亿美元,广告开支由此创下新纪录。统计范围包括联邦和州级选举广告,竞选人员薪酬、基层组织建设和民调等费用不在其中。

钱花了,效果却不一样。民主党候选人筹得更多直接捐款,共和党阵营则在外部团体支出上占优。关键选战的结果颇有反差:直接筹款领先的民主党候选人纷纷获胜;把外部团体支出也算上以后,总投入更高的共和党阵营反而输掉其中多场。

两党资金来源不同

先看候选人自己的竞选账户。按照联邦选举委员会公布的规则,2025至2026年,每名捐赠者向每个候选人委员会捐款,每次选举最多3500美元,初选和大选分开计算.USAFacts根据10月28日联邦选举委员会数据统计,本周期民主党国会候选人累计筹款约21亿美元,共和党约13亿美元。已经落败或退出的候选人也算在内。

外部团体的规则完全不同。超级政治行动委员会,也就是常说的超级PAC,可以接受无限额捐款,条件是不能与候选人团队协调支出,只能独立开展支持或反对候选人的活动。美国非营利机构“公开秘密”(OpenSecrets)按政治倾向统计,截至10月30日,支持共和党的外部团体支出20.3亿美元,支持民主党的外部团体支出16.7亿美元。捐款还集中来自少数捐款人。截至10月24日,捐款额排名前1%的捐赠者向外部团体捐款65.1亿美元,占这些团体所获捐款总额的98.4%。马斯克一人就向外部团体捐出超过4.45亿美元,排在个人捐赠者首位。

钱多,还要花得有效

得克萨斯州参议院选举最能说明问题。“公开秘密”根据11月4日的申报数据分析,共和党候选人帕克斯顿阵营总投入约3.35亿美元,民主党候选人塔拉里科阵营约2.75亿美元,最后赢的是塔拉里科。双方的总投入都包括竞选团队支出,以及外部团体为支持本阵营候选人或攻击对手所花的钱。帕克斯顿阵营的优势主要来自3.18亿美元外部团体支出;塔拉里科直接筹款约1.45亿美元,是帕克斯顿直接筹款2220万美元的6.5倍以上。

在得州,外部团体买广告的价格也更高。2026年9月,一个共和党超级PAC为一条广告支出2200多万美元,播出约1.55万次。塔拉里科团队播出量最大的一条广告只花了不到400万美元,播出约8000次。差距部分来自费率。《联邦通信法》规定,候选人团队在大选前60天购买广告可以享受最低单位费率,外部团体享受不到。钱花得多,买到的播出量未必同比例增加。

类似结果也出现在其他关键选战中。“公开秘密”分析了选前被评为“胜负难料”的七场参议院选举。投票次日,六场已有结果,获胜者都是民主党候选人,他们的直接筹款也都高于共和党对手。在得克萨斯、俄亥俄、密歇根和缅因四场选举中,把竞选团队和外部团体的支出合并计算,总投入更高的共和党阵营全部落败。在这些关键选战中,外部团体的支出优势没有转化为胜势。

投票前,钱从哪儿来应该说清楚

有些支出虽然依法申报,真正出资人的身份却无需公开,这就是所谓“暗钱”。截至10月30日,“公开秘密”已识别出本轮流向外部团体的“暗钱”捐款约14.7亿美元。由于部分捐赠尚未完成分类,这个数字还可能上升。

披露时间太晚,也会带来同样的问题。“我们的遗产很重要”(Our Heritage Matters)超级PAC到10月15日才注册,首份常规捐赠人报告12月3日才提交。《纽约时报》报道,该组织在竞选最后约10天投入约650万美元,支持第三党候选人并攻击共和党候选人。等捐赠人信息公开时,投票早已结束。

监管也跟不上。联邦选举委员会共有六个委员席位,目前只剩两名委员。自2025年4月30日起,该委员会因达不到法定人数,无法正常履行部分决策职能。哥伦比亚广播公司10月7日报道,委员会此后没有表决解决任何执法案件,也没有批准新的民事罚款,积压案件从154件增至307件。

限制金钱对选举的影响,在两党选民中都有支持。马里兰大学公共咨询项目2026年2月至3月开展的全国调查显示,82%的受访者支持修改宪法,允许国会和州议会限制或禁止企业和私人政治团体的选举支出。民主党受访者的支持率为85%,共和党受访者为82%。

广告可以买时段,却买不来确定的选举结果。创纪录的支出把两个老问题留了下来:捐赠人披露能否赶上投票节奏,联邦选举委员会何时才能恢复执法能力。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 捐赠人披露与FEC执法能力将继续成为选举改革辩论焦点

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 联邦选举委员会何时能恢复法定人数和执法能力?
  • 未来是否会通过立法加强对“暗钱”和政治捐款披露的监管?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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