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Back中國遍地是債4》龜笑鱉無尾!美國政府揹債、中國百姓化債
中國遍地是債4》龜笑鱉無尾!美國政府揹債、中國百姓化債
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自由时报3 hours agoBusiness2 min readChinaView translation

中國遍地是債4》龜笑鱉無尾!美國政府揹債、中國百姓化債

Quick Look

中國地方政府推出總規模12兆人民幣的第三波化債方案,旨在置換融資平台高息隱性債務。根據國際清算銀行數據,中國私人非金融部門信貸占GDP比例達204.1%,居主要經濟體之冠,政府、LGFV隱性債務與企業家庭債務加總後,整體債務槓桿率已逼近或突破300%。歷經三次化債行動,代價均由老百姓承擔。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中國地方政府長期透過融資平台舉債基建,形成龐大隱性債務。歷經1990年代末國企三角債化解、2015年地方債置換兩輪處理,但債務問題未獲根本解決,反而在房市下行壓力下惡化。

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(AI合成示意圖)

〔記者高嘉和/綜合報導〕中國地方政府深陷隱性債務泥淖,不得不祭出「第三波化債」行動,宣布總規模達12兆人民幣(以下同;約台幣54兆)的一攬子化債方案,企圖置換地方政府融資平台(LGFV)的高息隱性債務。而根據2026年國際清算銀行(BIS)等機構最新數據,中國總體債務壓力(特別是民間與企業部門)已超越美國,結構性風險更高,且美國是政府揹債、中國是老百姓化債。

截至2026年,美國聯邦政府債務約占GDP的123%~126%(總負債逾40兆美元)。但美國私人非金融部門(企業與家庭)經歷多年去槓桿,BIS今年初統計,美國私人部門信貸占GDP比重已降至約139.7%的新低,代表美國的債務高度集中在「政府」身上。

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中國官方公布的中央與地方一般債務占GDP約30%~99%(視計入部分地方專項債而定),看似極低,但真正債務壓在私人部門與隱性地方債;根據BIS等機構估算,中國私人非金融部門(企業、家庭)信貸占GDP比例已飆升至204.1%,居主要經濟體之冠。若將政府、LGFV(地方融資平台)隱性債務、企業與家庭債務加總,中國整體債務槓桿率早已逼近或突破300%。

中國三次重大債務化解行動,每次的代價都不盡相同,但都是債務轉移、最終老百姓化債。第一波是1990年代末的國企三角債,官方透過成立資產管理公司吸收約1.4兆銀行壞帳,推動「國企抓大放小」,近4500萬國企員工下崗(失業),由基層勞工承擔國企改革的劇痛。

第二波是2015年的地方政府債務置換;官方啟動逾12.2兆的「地方債置換」,允許地方發行低息公債償還高息商業貸款,以「時間換空間」,雖暫緩危機,卻未能阻止LGFV隱性債務繼續膨脹。

目前進行的第三波化債,面對的是房市崩盤後地方財政枯竭、LGFV面臨違約的困境;所謂的12兆元並非實質「減少」債務,而是再次將爛帳展延,並要求LGFV市場化轉型或退場,依然是由老百姓付出代價。

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 地方政府將加速LGFV市場化轉型或清理僵尸企業

    Likely · Within months

  • 私人部門去槓桿壓力將持續,消費和投資增長可能受抑制

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 第三波化債資金具體來源為何?
  • LGFV市場化轉型或退場的具體時間表是多少?
  • 地方財政枯竭後,是否會導致更多基建項目停工?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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