
联合国气象机构警告,本次厄尔尼诺(El Nino)预计将成为过去40年有可比纪录以来最强的一次,且几乎肯定将持续至明年2月。厄尔尼诺将导致全球气温上升、极端天气增多,对降雨、气温模式及洪水、干旱等产生重大影响,并可能使2024年成为有史以来最热的一年。
AI-generated summary
厄尔尼诺是一种自然发生的气候现象,通常每2到7年发生一次,持续约9到12个月。它通过加热赤道太平洋海面温度,改变全球风向、气压和降雨模式,导致极端天气事件。本次厄尔尼诺被预测为历史上最强之一。
联合国气象机构3日警告,本次圣嬰現象(El Nino)估計將成為過去40年有可比紀錄以來最強的一次,而且幾乎確定將持續到明年2月。
联合国秘书长古特瑞斯(Antonio Guterres)对此表示,全球已陷入「极端天气的危险区」。
法新社报道,世界气象组织(WMO)表示,圣嬰現象在未来几个月将发展为「非常强烈」。WMO秘书长索罗(Celeste Saulo)表示:「如果这个轨迹持续下去,它可能会比我们开始监测以来的任何一次都还要强烈。」
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WMO指出,圣嬰現象将在今年底达到高峰,但其对气候的连锁影响将一直持续到2027年。圣嬰現象使中东部赤道太平洋的海面温度升高,导致全球风向、气压和降雨模式的改变。
海洋中的热量释放到大气中的速度较慢,这会推升圣嬰現象发展后1年的全球气温。强烈的2023至2024年圣嬰現象,促使2024年成为有史以来最热的一年。索罗说:「如果这个纪录被打破,我们也不应该感到惊讶。」
WMO表示,圣嬰現象已经确立,并将在未来几个月内增强为非常强烈的事件,对降雨和气温模式产生重大影响,并带来洪水、干旱和极端高温等相关风险。
圣嬰現象是一种自然发生的现象,并非由气候变迁所引起。但科学家认为,它将加剧这个因燃烧化石燃料而已经变暖的星球的高温,同时放大极端天气。
联合国秘书长古特瑞斯表示:「圣嬰現象正在我們眼前急遽擴大」,地球正处于未知领域,而且海水正在升温。海面温度正在上升,气温不断攀升,「世界正处于极端天气的危险区。」
索罗敦促灾害管理部门,以及农业、渔业、卫生、能源和水资源等对气候敏感的产业做好准备,「这个异常的圣嬰現象……有可能对全球各地的社区和经济造成重大打击。」「我们已经看到干旱和洪水带来的破坏与毁灭,我们预计随着圣嬰現象增强,这些影响将会增加。」
圣嬰現象通常每2到7年发生一次,持续大约9到12个月。气候状况会在圣嬰現象及其相反的「反圣嬰現象」(La Nina)之间摇摆,两者之间则是中性状态。
圣嬰現象可以重塑距离热带太平洋数千公里外的天气和气候模式。WMO气候预测主任穆夫馬歐基亞(Wilfran Moufouma Okia)表示,有些地方会在今年稍晚的高峰期之前受到影响,有些则在高峰期期间或之后受到影响,但高峰的强度并非影响严重程度的唯一指标。
根据WMO预测,9月至11月期间,「几乎所有陆地地区」出现高于正常气温的可能性都会增加。衡量中东部赤道太平洋海面温度异常的指数,已从5月至7月间高于正常值摄氏1.5°C的平均水平进一步增强。7月下旬至8月中旬的每周数值范围,在比平均高出2.2°C至2.6°C之间,显示圣嬰現象正持续增强。
WMO将圣嬰事件分为弱、中、强或极强,这意味着这次圣嬰現象将达到4个等级中的最高级。穆夫馬歐基亞表示,这个等级意味着海面温度异常超过正2°C,「这个等级的上限是开放的:我们知道起点,但不知道终点。」
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
厄尔尼诺将在今年底达到高峰,其气候影响将持续至2027年
Very likely · Within months
2024年有可能成为有史以来最热的一年
Likely · Within months
洪水、干旱和极端高温等风险将随着厄尔尼诺增强而增加
Very likely · Within months

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