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Back市场监管行政处罚裁量新规发布 “首违不罚”具体怎么认定?
市场监管行政处罚裁量新规发布 “首违不罚”具体怎么认定?
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中国新闻网2 hours agoLaw5 min readChinaView translation

市场监管行政处罚裁量新规发布 “首违不罚”具体怎么认定?

首次区分从轻处罚和减轻处罚,统一“初次违法”等裁量因素认定标准

Quick Look

市场监管总局发布《市场监督管理行政处罚裁量规定》,将于明年1月1日起施行。新规首次区分从轻处罚和减轻处罚,统一“初次违法”等裁量因素认定标准,将裁量规则由规范性文件上升为部门规章,旨在让行政处罚过罚相当、宽严有据。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

过去,同一类违法行为在不同地区、不同执法人员手里,处罚结果可能相差不小,“同事不同罚”一直是经营主体反映集中的问题。新规就是要给执法这把“尺子”刻上统一刻度,让每一次处罚都过罚相当、宽严有据。

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市场监管总局日前发布《市场监督管理行政处罚裁量规定》,将于明年1月1日起施行。这份新规直指市场监管行政处罚中的裁量权:首次区分设定从轻处罚和减轻处罚,统一“初次违法”等常见裁量因素的认定标准。

过去,同一类违法行为,在不同地区、不同执法人员手里,处罚结果可能相差不小,“同事不同罚”一直是经营主体反映集中的问题。新规就是要给执法这把“尺子”刻上统一刻度,让每一次处罚都过罚相当、宽严有据。

那么具体看,新规到底新在哪儿?首次区分设定从轻处罚和减轻处罚,是何用意?大家关心的“首违不罚”又该怎么认定?

市场监管总局法规司有关负责人介绍,此次出台《规定》,核心目的是让裁量权行使有章可循,让行政处罚过罚相当,与原有制度相比,主要特点可以总结为效力升格、阶次细分以及标准统一。例如,新出台的《规定》将裁量规则由规范性文件上升为部门规章,制度刚性更强、约束力更大,为全国执法立起统一标尺。

市场监管总局法规司司长 彭新民:核心目的是让裁量权行使有章可循、实现过罚相当,既守住监管底线,也为经营主体营造更加公平、透明、可预期的法治化营商环境。

先看阶次细分。简单说,《规定》把行政处罚裁量划分为不予处罚、减轻处罚、从轻处罚、一般处罚、从重处罚五个阶次,并对各阶次的适用情形作出具体规定。

尤其是过去实践中容易混同的减轻、从轻情形,这次被区分设定,目的就是解决执法人员“不敢用、不会用”的问题。

彭新民:标准上“一把尺子”。《规定》明确了行政处罚裁量基准“谁来制定、怎么制定、如何管理”等关键问题,并在全国范围内统一了“初次违法”“违法行为轻微”“危害后果轻微”等常见裁量因素的认定标准,最大限度统一裁量尺度,确保案件处理公平公正。

裁量基准就是执法的具体尺子,那么这把尺子由谁来制定?《规定》明确,市场监管总局负责制定反垄断等属于总局事权的基准;各省局是本省基准制定的主体;设区的市局主要负责地方立法设定事项,也可以根据法律法规和上级基准制定本市的基准。同时要求制定的裁量基准要向社会公开、进行动态更新,行政处罚决定文书里也要写明裁量基准的适用情况,提高透明度。

现实中,一个案子可能同时存在从轻、从重等多项情形。对此,《规定》第十九条给出具体算法:先评估各项情形的影响程度,影响相当的,同向情形相叠加、逆向情形相抵减,再确定怎么罚;影响程度相差较大的,要考量主要因素、兼顾其他情形进行裁量。另外程序上要“严把关口”,比如把从轻处罚调整为减轻处罚,须经本部门负责人集体讨论决定,防止裁量权滥用。

此外,记者在采访中了解到,从轻处罚和减轻处罚过去一直合并表述,新规首次把两者区分设定,给基层执法划出清晰边界。

彭新民:很多企业特别关心从轻、减轻处罚。过去《指导意见》将从轻、减轻放在一起规定,边界模糊,实践中存在不敢、不愿适用减轻处罚,或者乱用、滥用减轻处罚的问题。这次我们把适用情形进行区分,分别作出规定,划清从轻处罚和减轻处罚的边界。

那么从轻处罚和减轻处罚,这二者具体怎么区分?

《规定》第十四条明确,受他人胁迫实施违法行为、主动消除违法行为危害后果、主动供述市场监管部门尚未掌握的重大违法行为、配合市场监督管理部门查处违法行为有重大立功表现的,应当减轻行政处罚;

《规定》第十五条明确,受他人诱骗实施违法行为、主动减轻违法行为危害后果、主动供述市场监管部门尚未掌握的违法行为、配合市场监督管理部门查处违法行为有立功表现的,应当从轻行政处罚。

说完从轻、减轻,再来看关注度很高的“首违不罚”。“首违不罚”制度是行政处罚法确立的重要制度,目的是落实处罚与教育相结合原则,以劝诫教育引导当事人改正轻微违法行为,从源头预防违法行为发生。在具体的行政处罚中如何认定“首违不罚”,新规对此也作出了统一界定。

彭新民:关注度较高的“首违不罚”,此前各地认定口径不一致,企业难以形成稳定预期。这次我们统一规则——初次违法是指两年内第一次发生同一性质的违法行为,但如果涉及生命健康、金融安全并且产生危害后果的,间隔时间是五年。在这里特别要提醒企业,初次违法不是“免罚金牌”,更不是放任违法。不予处罚必须同时满足初次违法、危害后果轻微、及时改正三个法定条件,三个法定条件缺一不可,不能单凭初次违法就直接免罚。

市场监管总局下一步将督促指导各地修改完善行政处罚裁量基准,建设裁量基准库,将裁量基准嵌入执法办案系统,用数字化手段辅助裁量,推动统一执法尺度。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 各地将修改完善行政处罚裁量基准,建设裁量基准库,并将裁量基准嵌入执法办案系统。

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 各省市具体的裁量基准何时出台并向社会公开?
  • 裁量基准库建设的具体时间表是什么?
  • 数字化辅助裁量系统将如何嵌入执法办案系统?

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