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Back中国希望从国外招募人工智能科学家,这项努力并未奏效
中国希望从国外招募人工智能科学家,这项努力并未奏效
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纽约时报中文网2 hours agoTech2 min readChinaView translation

中国希望从国外招募人工智能科学家,这项努力并未奏效

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卡内基国际和平研究院研究发现,2025年每30名在美从事AI研究的中国研究人员中仅有一人返回中国,但整体在美中国研究人员数量反而上升四个百分点。研究通过分析NeurIPS论文作者流向得出结论,中国在留住本土人才方面取得进展,而美国则依赖外国研究人员维持领先。中国高校在顶尖机构排名中显著上升,北京大学和清华大学已超越MIT等美国名校。同时,中国政府对AI人才出境的限制加剧,如Manus创始人出境受阻等事件所示。

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Why It Matters

该研究由卡内基国际和平研究院主导,通过分析NeurIPS会议论文作者的教育和工作流向,评估中美人工智能领域的人才流动趋势。研究聚焦于中国研究人员在美比例变化及其背后原因。

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该研究由智库卡内基国际和平研究院开展。结果显示,2025年每30名在美从事人工智能研究的中国研究人员中,只有一人反向前往中国。

领导该研究的马旸表示:“尽管美中关系紧张,但原籍中国的在美研究人员数量实际上没有下降,反而上升了四个百分点。”

该研究通过分析去年NeurIPS接收的论文来判断全球科学家的流向。NeurIPS是专注于机器学习和计算神经科学的学术会议。马旸及其团队分析了论文作者就读大学、获得研究生学位以及最终工作的地点。

研究结果印证了一个普遍看法:美国和中国产生了大多数前沿人工智能研究。研究发现,中国虽未能招募到外国研究人员,但在留住本土人才方面却大有收获,这些人才通过国内教育体系成长,且越来越倾向于不赴海外工作。另一方面,美国则通过雇用外国研究人员保持领先,其中许多人此前从中国、印度、韩国等地移民而来。

卡内基的研究统计了从一国迁移至另一国的研究人员,但并未说明迁移时间。在美国工作的中国科学家数量仍居高不下的一个解释是,他们是在特朗普政府去年实施签证限制并削减研究资金之前抵达的。

“存在延迟效应——本研究中的研究人员大多在多年前就做出了来美学习或工作的决定,”雪城大学研究美国亚洲学生的社会学教授马颖毅说。“美国的危险在于,其对人才的吸引力正缓慢减弱,这种减弱会在数十年间不断累积。等到数据中显现出效果时,就难以逆转了。”

多年来,中国科学家及其世界各地的同行被美国所吸引,因为美国提供初创企业的职业机会和充足的学术资金。但近年来,中国在成为人工智能研究人员的另一个选择方面已取得重大进展。

2022年,在NeurIPS发表论文的前30家机构中,只有六家位于中国;2025年,这一数字升至12家。中国两所顶尖学府北京大学和清华大学位居榜首,超越了麻省理工学院、斯坦福大学和卡内基梅隆大学等重量级美国机构。去年,中国研究人员还占到NeurIPS发表作者的41%,超过美国研究人员的34%。

投资人工智能技术的对冲基金互联资本创始人凯文·徐(音)表示,如今中国拥有大量人工智能研究人员的工作场所,包括资金充足的大学、大型科技公司和初创企业。随着DeepSeek和月之暗面等中国公司在全球舞台上屡屡扬名,它们对顶尖人才的吸引力也日益增强。

“能够在DeepSeek工作所带来的职业声望和未来成功与在OpenAI工作一样,这与我们五年前观察到的情况截然不同,当时人们的选择路径是去谷歌还是去腾讯,”他说。

中国公司的崛起或许可以解释为何绝大多数中国人工智能研究人员选择留在国内。但凯文·徐补充说,一些研究人员留在中国的另一个原因是:政府不愿放他们走。

今年,中国政府限制人工智能初创公司Manus的两位创始人出境,该公司原定被Meta以20亿美元收购。据彭博社最近报道,此后,中国人工智能企业家和研究人员——以及其配偶和子女——的出行受到进一步限制。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中国在顶尖AI研究机构中的比例将继续上升,可能在未来三年内超过美国在NeurIPS等顶会中的论文作者占比

    Likely · Within years

  • 美国对华科技人才的签证和投资限制将持续或收紧,进一步影响中国研究人员的出国意愿

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 签证限制对中国研究人员赴美意愿的长期影响是什么?
  • 中国企业如DeepSeek如何具体提升对顶尖人才的吸引力?
  • 政府出境限制是否会导致人才外流或暗地里转向第三国流动?

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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