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Back德国选择党在萨克森-安哈尔特州选举中的激进执政纲领
德国选择党在萨克森-安哈尔特州选举中的激进执政纲领
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德国之声1 hour agoPolitics6 min readChinaView translation

德国选择党在萨克森-安哈尔特州选举中的激进执政纲领

该党承诺实施包括大规模驱逐移民、建立公民治安队及重塑历史观在内的多项争议性改革

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德国选择党(AfD)在萨克森-安哈尔特州议会选举前发布激进纲领,主张大规模驱逐非法移民、建立志愿公民治安队、结束对俄制裁及推行身份政治,引发法律与社会争议。

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Why It Matters

萨克森-安哈尔特州自1990年两德统一以来人口萎缩严重。德国选择党在该州被安全部门认定为右翼极端主义组织。

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本周日(9月5日),德国东部的萨克森-安哈尔特州将举行州议会选举。德国选择党(AfD)有望获得绝对多数席位。该党宣布,如果能在萨克森-安哈尔特州执政,将实现政治“大转折”。该党谋求单独执政,并希望由其首席候选人乌尔里希·西格蒙德(Ulrich Siegmund)出任州长。该州德国选择党组织已被德国安全部门认定为“确凿的右翼极端主义组织”。在其执政纲领中,德国选择党提出了一系列深远的改革措施。

“即刻驱逐!”这是德国选择党在萨克森-安哈尔特州若赢得选举后的核心承诺。该党在竞选纲领中明确表示,其目标是“尽可能多地”驱逐非法移民。

在难民政策方面,德国选择党宣布将进行全方位收紧:加强驱逐拘留力度,要求对寻求庇护者实行强制劳动,并取消所有用于促进移民融入社会的资金。该党将国家支持的援助项目称为“庇护产业”。此外,它还希望将没有德国永久居留权的儿童和青少年排除在主流学校之外。为协调该州的难民政策,州政府将设立一个“再移民专项协调办公室”。“再移民(Remigration)”曾被选为年度恶词,评审团认为,该词被极右翼势力利用,用来美化其对移民进行强制遣返和大规模驱逐的要求。

德国选择党州政府究竟能够实施上述哪些措施,目前尚存争议。例如,为难民设立特殊班级可能违反国际法和欧洲法的相关规定。而关于谁可以被驱逐、谁不能被驱逐,这项权限属于联邦政府,而非单个联邦州。

德国选择党反对移民进入德国。在其执政纲领中,该党要求在移民政策上实现“180度大转折”。因此,其明确目标是减少萨克森-安哈尔特州的移民人数。然而,该州多年来一直面临严重的专业人才短缺问题,尤其是在医疗护理和养老护理领域。

德国选择党希望通过吸引移居海外的德国专业人才回国,缓解专业人才短缺问题。为此,该党打算推出一项“回国计划”:提供所谓的“回国奖金”作为激励措施,并在寻找住房和幼儿园名额方面提供支持,所有这些措施仅面向从国外返回萨克森-安哈尔特州的家庭。德国选择党预计会有多少回国人员以及计划为“回国计划”拨付多少资金,目前尚不清楚。

三十多年来,萨克森-安哈尔特州一直深受人口外流影响:自1990年两德统一以来,该州的人口萎缩幅度在所有联邦州中最为严重。知名经济学家、哈雷莱布尼茨经济研究所所长赖恩特·格罗普(Reint Gropp)警告称,如果德国选择党执政,专业人才短缺问题将进一步恶化:“尤其是高素质专业人才是有其他选择的。如果他们觉得自己不受欢迎,或者担心遭到敌视,他们就会选择其他地区。”他在接受德国《世界报》采访时如是表示。

德国十六个联邦州在外交和安全政策方面几乎没有权限,但可以影响政治讨论。一旦由德国选择党人士担任州长,其政治影响力也将显著增加。 在对俄政策方面,德国选择党在竞选纲领中要求重新与俄罗斯靠拢,并结束对俄制裁。自俄罗斯2022年对乌克兰发动侵略战争以来,德国已基本停止从俄罗斯进口石油。

要求结束制裁在很大程度上仅有象征意义,因为联邦州必须遵守相关制裁措施。但德国选择党州长可以在具有重要影响力的联邦参议院中释放不同的政治信号。

此外,德国选择党还希望扩大学校的俄语教学,并为此专门招募俄语母语者。 相比之下,在乌克兰问题上,德国选择党的态度更为强硬:该党要求向乌克兰难民发起“遣返攻势”。不过,关于将乌克兰人驱逐出德国的政策,州一级政府无权作出决定,这属于联邦政府的管辖范围。

尤其引发争议的是德国选择党提出建立一种辅助警察力量。德国选择党在针对萨克森-安哈尔特州的执政纲领中表示,正规警察在维护安全方面“不堪重负”:“因此,我们将建立志愿公民治安队,作为当地安全架构的第三支柱。”

波鸿鲁尔大学的知名法学家和犯罪学家托马斯·费尔特斯(Thomas Feltes)警告称,这一设想可能带来问题:“防范危险并确保公众受到保护是警察的职责。在这一过程中,只有警察可以使用暴力,”他在德国法律类在线杂志“Legal Tribune Online”的一篇客座文章中写道。 他认为,“公民巡逻队”或公民治安组织甚至可能对公共安全产生负面影响:“在这些群体活动的地方,对犯罪的恐惧只会被进一步煽动,既在参与者中间,更会影响其他所有人,而不仅仅是那些‘忧虑的’公民。”

德国选择党执政纲领中的一个核心要点是所谓的身份政治。该党希望将正面的德国形象纳入纲领,并倡导一种截然不同的历史观。德国选择党将对纳粹时期德国罪行的反思称为“永久化罪责情结”。因此,该党希望修改学校的教学大纲。

德国选择党还向社会多样性宣战:作为社会多元象征的彩虹旗,将被禁止出现在校园中。对于在萨克森-安哈尔特州蓬勃发展、并享誉世界的包豪斯建筑,该党以“过于全球主义”为由加以否定,并要求实行“爱国主义文化政策”。与此同时,该党还希望重新分配文化等领域的资助资金。

尤其受到影响的将是众多依靠国家资助展开工作的民主项目:德国选择党在其纲领中明确反对继续向这些项目提供任何资金。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 德国选择党若执政,将尝试设立再移民专项协调办公室。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 回国计划的资金来源及预期人数?
  • 公民治安队是否符合法律框架?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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