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Back陈卫东:刑诉法修改应法典化
陈卫东:刑诉法修改应法典化
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中国新闻网21 minutes agoPolitics13 min readChinaView translation

陈卫东:刑诉法修改应法典化

中国人大网发布刑事诉讼法修正草案征求意见,全程参与四次修法的学者陈卫东详解此次修法的亮点与遗憾。

Quick Look

中国刑事诉讼法迎来第四次修改,草案向社会征求意见。全程参与四次修法的学者陈卫东在专访中解读了新修法在人权保障、辩护权扩充及涉案财物规范等方面的亮点,并指出了关于证人出庭与二审开庭等未尽完善之处。

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Why It Matters

中国刑事诉讼法自制定以来已经历过三次修改,此次为第四次修改,草案已在中国人大网发布并征求意见。

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中国新闻周刊记者:周群峰

发于2026.11.16总第1260期《中国新闻周刊》杂志

11月6日,中国人大网发布刑事诉讼法(修正草案)征求意见。四天前,刑事诉讼法修正草案提请十四届全国人大常委会第二十五次会议审议。

这是刑诉法的第四次修改。中国人民大学国家一级教授、中国刑事诉讼法学研究会常务副会长陈卫东已研究刑诉法超过40年,全程参与了刑诉法的四次修改。在接受《中国新闻周刊》专访时,陈卫东表示,纵观刑事诉讼立法40余年历程,我国在刑事诉讼的制度建设与价值选择上,取得了从“有法可依”到“良法善治”、从“打击犯罪”到“人权保障”的重要成就。“每次修法,我都感受到我国刑诉法的进步。不管是一大步还是一小步,始终都在向前走。”陈卫东说。

此次修改有何不同?

《中国新闻周刊》:全国人大及其常委会每年都会修改很多法律,但刑诉法的修改仍然非常受关注。为什么?

陈卫东:刑诉法是规范国家追诉犯罪、保障公民权利的基本法律,担负着惩罚犯罪和保障人权的功能,是“保障人权的小宪法”。可以说,其每一次修改,不仅会引起司法机关、法律从业者、学者、媒体人的关注,也会引起可能被追究刑事责任的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人及其家属的关注。

比如,嫌疑人和被告人会关心,他们的人身自由和财物在公安机关侦查阶段会受到怎样的对待;律师会关心,律师的执业空间会发生怎样的变化。这些问题都可以在修法中找到答案。

《中国新闻周刊》:你已参与了四次刑诉法的修改工作,和前几次相比,这次有什么不同的感受?

陈卫东:改革开放之初,刑事诉讼制度在我国还不受重视,在很多人眼中,刑诉法仅是保障刑法实施的工具,随着人们法治观念的提升,这部法律的修改越来越受到重视。

改革开放以后,我国社会、经济等方面发生了巨大变化,刑诉法的条文与社会发展实际逐渐脱节。所以,1996年,全国人大常委会法制工作委员会开始对当时的刑诉法进行全面修改。那时候,我在中国人民大学法律系专职从事刑诉法的教学和研究工作。我是全程参与那次刑诉法修改的6位学者之一,当时36岁,是其中最年轻的一位。

那次修改,一个主要亮点是把纠问式刑事诉讼模式转向以法官为中心、控辩双方平等对抗的对抗式刑事诉讼模式,提升了犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的诉讼权利。经过第二次和第三次修改,又把“尊重和保障人权”“建立刑事缺席审判制度、确立认罪认罚从宽制度”等入法。

刑诉法经历三次修改,无论是在条文的数量与内容,还是在制度设计与程序构造方面,都取得了显著进步,基本满足了各个时期人民群众对法治的期待。

而这次修改,和前几次有明显不同。一方面,党的十八大以来,中国刑事诉讼司法实践不断取得新进展,司法体制改革不断取得新成效,一批冤错案件依法纠正,公正司法理念深入人心,需要及时总结经验,通过法律规范固定下来。

另一方面,近年来,实践中不断出现的诸如“远洋捕捞”“指居致人非正常死亡”等案件严重妨害司法公正的问题,需要通过再次修法,堵塞制度漏洞,加强监督制约。

《中国新闻周刊》:此次修法,你印象深刻的亮点有哪些?

陈卫东:此次修改,从基本原则到基本制度,再到基本程序有很多亮点。比如,在基本原则中切实明确“禁止有罪推定”;草案还增加规定,羁押期限即将超过可能判处刑期的应当释放或变更强制措施,这有利于降低羁押率、减少超期羁押。通过这些修改,有助于解决“构罪即捕”“一押到底”等司法旧观念和顽疾。

备受关注的“指居制度”,现阶段彻底废除并不现实,这次草案保留了两个适用罪名(涉嫌危害国家安全犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪),这意味着该制度的适用空间大幅压缩,是很大进步,有利于进一步规范司法权力运行,提高司法公信力。

辩护权扩充是法治进步

《中国新闻周刊》:此次草案在涉案财物方面也做了补充,你怎么看?

陈卫东:现行刑诉法对涉案财物方面的规定非常单薄,不够明确,导致一些涉案财物被随意查扣冻(查封、扣押、冻结),有的办案机关对涉案财物采取“一查了之”“一冻到底”的处置模式,极易导致涉案个人或企业出现资金链断裂、经营受挫等不利影响。

所以这次修法增加了多个条款堵漏洞。如强调应当严格区分财产属性,规范采取措施的范围,减少对正常经营活动的不利影响;规定公安机关异地查扣冻时,应当通知涉案财物所在地公安机关;完善“收支两条线”相关规定,明确对有关财物不得挪用、坐支,不得返还、变相返还办案单位,不得与办案经费保障挂钩。

《中国新闻周刊》:律师的辩护权在本次草案中也得到了明确的扩充增量?

陈卫东:是的,草案新增了加强值班律师、辩护律师权利保障。比如此前,有的看守所同意安排律师会见后,又提出因“提审冲突”等,导致律师无法会见。此次草案将原条文“看守所应当及时安排会见,至迟不得超过四十八小时”,调整为“保证其至迟在四十八小时以内见到在押人员”,目的就是要求看守所不得以任何理由阻止律师会见。

另外,依据刑诉法,检察院在审查起诉阶段只有权对未成年人、盲聋哑人、精神病人、可能判无期或死刑的特殊对象通知法援律师,普通案件嫌疑人即使没律师,检察院也不能主动指派。此次草案新增一条,让检察院对“可能判三年以上”且无辩护人的嫌疑人,可以通知法援机构指派律师。这确保了很多嫌疑人的权利,扩充了律师的辩护权,是一个很大的进步。

当然,律师的辩护权还可以进一步得到保障。刑诉法的完善和刑事辩护制度的完善是紧密联系的,刑事诉讼发展史是辩护权不断发展和扩充的历史。我认为,应在刑诉法修改中将“推进刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖”融入法律中。

比如,在司法实践中,律师在认罪认罚阶段发挥作用有限,建议在认罪认罚阶段设立专门程序,充分听取辩护律师的意见。应该建立律师辩护从侦查阶段到审查起诉、审判阶段的全覆盖制度,确定律师在场权,加强律师辩护权利保障。

刑诉法修改要法典化

《中国新闻周刊》:此次修法有没有让你感到遗憾的地方?

陈卫东:此次修法有两个重要的庭审问题受到热议。学者们普遍认为,目前在刑事案件中,“一审法院证人不出庭,二审法院不开庭”的现象还比较突出,是阻碍“以审判为中心”制度落实的重要问题,也是业界多年来最为关注的问题。

目前,公布的修正案草案又恢复了现行法律规定的证人出庭需要“人民法院认为有必要”的表述,删除了此前修正案草案增加的“对一审判决有异议”等7种二审开庭的情形。

我认为,不能将证人是否出庭、二审是否开庭的决定权,完全交给人民法院。法院也不能仅凭公安的预审材料和检察院的卷宗材料,就决定证人是否出庭,这在逻辑上讲不通、在实践中也行不通。

让“证人走向法庭,二审顺利开庭”,是衡量法庭审理生态是不是符合国际潮流、符合审理规律的重要指标。

《中国新闻周刊》:长期以来,你一直呼吁刑诉法的修改要走法典化路径,原因是什么?

陈卫东:从条文数量看,目前我国刑诉法的条文数量只有308条,与国外相比明显过少。放眼世界,大多数国家的刑诉法条文在500条以上,比如德国(500条)、法国(803条)、日本(507条)、意大利(746条)。而且,从一般规律来看,程序法条文要多于实体法,但我国的刑法条文(453条)明显多于刑诉法条文。刑诉法条文少带来的直接问题就是程序粗疏,规定原则抽象,可操作性有待提升。

编纂刑事诉讼法典,是对历史经验的总结,更是构建完善具有中国特色、时代特色刑事诉讼制度的必由之路。我主张以“法典化”为目标,对刑诉法进行结构性、全面性修改,而非“查漏补缺式”修补,使其成为实质化的现代法典。目前,我带领团队起草的刑事诉讼法典专家建议稿共有1077条。

当然,修法是一个循序渐进的过程,我国刑诉法法典化何时落地还没有准确的时间表,但我认为,其法典化是大势所趋。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 刑事诉讼法修正草案将按立法程序继续推进审议与完善。

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 刑事诉讼法典何时能够正式编纂落地?
  • 未来是否会推进刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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