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Back德国对华政策转向:欧盟拟推反经济胁迫“红色按钮”
德国对华政策转向:欧盟拟推反经济胁迫“红色按钮”
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德国之声1 hour agoPolitics4 min readChinaView translation

德国对华政策转向:欧盟拟推反经济胁迫“红色按钮”

《南德意志报》与《法兰克福汇报》分析德国在欧盟对华政策中的角色转变及德法联合推动的新贸易保护工具

Quick Look

德国正改变其在欧盟对华政策中扮演的“刹车”角色。德法两国计划推动一项新贸易保护工具,旨在欧盟遭受经济胁迫时能快速启动反制措施,削弱北京通过分化成员国施压的能力,被外界称为应对中国的“红色按钮”。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

过去几年,北京通过对个别欧盟成员国施压或拉拢,成功干扰欧盟统一对华政策。德国此前因担心在华经济利益受损,常在欧盟对华强硬措施中扮演阻碍角色。

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(德国之声中文网)《南德意志报》评论指出,在欧盟制定强硬对华政策的问题上,德国素有“刹车片”之称。但现如今,德国的对华政策显然正在出现转向。这篇题为《德国意识到了自身的问题》的评论写道:

“欧盟的薄弱环节是什么?北京一向对此非常清楚:薄弱环节不是布鲁塞尔,而是各成员国的首都。也正因为如此,过去几年来,北京的胡萝卜加大棒政策,从来都会刻意绕过布鲁塞尔,而是对个别成员国实施拉拢或施压。例如,在匈牙利,中国企业投资数十亿欧元兴建工厂,而欧尔班治下的布达佩斯则会屡屡阻挠欧盟发表强硬的对华声明。2021年,同立陶宛就台湾地位问题发生争执后,中国立即将立陶宛从海关系统中除名,一夜之间,任何立陶宛产品都无法再进口中国了。

德国也一再成为北京‘分而治之’政策的目标。今年七月,中国商务部长王文涛会晤德国经济部长赖歇时表示,中方希望德国在欧盟内部发挥积极作用,推动布鲁塞尔采取‘理性立场’。北京究竟想让柏林扮演怎样的角色,由此可见一斑。

德国走的这一步也是事出有因的。过去几十年以来,以汽车工业为主的德国企业已经在中国投入了巨额资金。所以德国总是担心一旦惹恼北京,在华投资和业务就将受到威胁。也正因为如此,每当欧盟计划出台对华强硬措施时,德国总是会踩下刹车。从德国的角度来看,这样做似乎合情合理,但欧盟却要为德国的做法付出高昂代价。因为,只要北京仍能相信,向个别企业或成员国施压,就足以束缚布鲁塞尔的手脚,那么,经济体量庞大的欧盟,就仍然只能充当政治上的侏儒。”

《南德意志报》评论指出,有消息称,德法两国正在欧盟内部推动一项新计划,以便让欧盟能够在受到经济胁迫时,及时启动严厉的反制措施。该计划将明显减少个别成员国对布鲁塞尔决策的影响力。

“德国采取的这一新举措,并不能保护本国工业免受中国报复。如果北京对欧盟依照新规而出台的反制措施实施报复,德国企业仍将首当其冲。毕竟德国工业的供应链与中国密切交织,德国在中国又拥有庞大的经济利益。一些企业已经开始囤积稀土,以便为可能发生的中欧冲突提前做好准备。

但从长远角度来看,德国的做法将有效削弱北京最有力的武器:对欧盟分而治之。这也正是欧盟所急需的。”

欧盟即将拥有应对中国的“红色按钮”?

对于德法联手提出的新方案,《法兰克福汇报》报道称:

“德国和法国显然不愿意继续等待了。未来几天内,德国总理默茨和法国总统马克龙将提出一份对华立场文件。《法兰克福汇报》获取的信息显示,德法将支持设立一项新的贸易保护工具,使欧盟能够借助快速程序将中国排除出欧盟内部市场。欧盟外交官称,这是一个24小时内就可见效的‘红色按钮’。

一旦欧盟遭到中国的经济攻击,欧盟委员会就可以启动这一工具。这将是欧盟应对中国施压的一种防御工具。成员国只有在形成合格多数的情况下,才能阻止欧盟动用该工具。这无疑将极大扩展欧盟的行动空间。而中国也将无法通过拉拢或施压单个成员国来阻止欧盟的决策。

欧洲议会贸易委员会主席、德国社民党籍政治家朗格(Bernd Lange)认为,最简单的办法其实是改革现行欧盟‘反胁迫工具法案’。欧盟委员会当初设立这一工具,就是为了迅速回应中国等国的经济胁迫。但一些欧盟成员国认为,此举将赋予欧盟委员会过大权力。在这些国家的坚持下,布鲁塞尔只有获得多数支持时才能采取反制行动。这也是该工具2023年底生效以来从未启动过的原因。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 德法两国将在未来几天内提出一份对华立场文件。

    Very likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 德法新方案能否在欧盟内部获得多数支持?
  • 中国将如何回应欧盟可能启动的“红色按钮”?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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