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Back埃及最古老修道院見證三宗教交會 面臨觀光與保存挑戰
埃及最古老修道院見證三宗教交會 面臨觀光與保存挑戰
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中央社30 minutes agoWorld9 min readChinaView translation

埃及最古老修道院見證三宗教交會 面臨觀光與保存挑戰

埃及日前與聖凱薩琳修道院就相關契約達成協議,同時推動偉大轉容計畫,將此區打造成國際宗教與生態旅遊中心,但大規模建設也引發國際遺產保護人士對自然景觀與貝都因人生計的擔憂。

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埃及與西奈半島聖凱薩琳修道院達成土地契約協議,並推進「偉大轉容計畫」打造旅遊中心。此舉雖獲埃及政府保證維護宗教地位與貝都因社群發展,但也引發國際遺產保護人士對歷史地景與傳統生活方式遭受破壞的擔憂。

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Why It Matters

聖凱薩琳修道院於2002年被聯合國教科文組織登錄為世界文化遺產,埃及政府自2021年底啟動偉大轉容專案。

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(中央社記者施婉清開羅8日專電)埃及日前與聖凱薩琳修道院就相關契約達成協議,院長同意簽署契約,處理修道院及周邊土地的權利問題。埃及也將在西奈半島聖凱薩琳地區推動「偉大轉容計畫」(Great Transfiguration Project),希望將此區打造成國際宗教與生態旅遊中心。

與此同時,國際遺產保護人士也擔心,大規模建設可能改變這片山區原有的自然景觀與宗教氛圍。埃及政府則努力宣傳,將整體工程定位為「和平之地的神聖轉容象徵」,並承諾將維護修道院獨特神聖的宗教地位,以及保證修道院的宗教運作不受干擾。

2002年由聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)正式登錄為世界文化遺產的聖凱薩琳地區(Saint Catherine Area)位於埃及西奈半島,其中座落於摩西山腳下的聖凱薩琳修道院(Saint Catherine's Monastery),是全世界最古老的基督教修道院之一,興建於西元6世紀。10月底因院長暨大主教西蒙(Symeon)一紙同意簽署修道院及周邊土地相關契約的信函,這座修道院再次引起各界高度關注。

聖凱薩琳修道院近年相關的重大新聞,因涉及其土地產權問題,聖凱薩琳修道院與埃及政府因而陷入長期法律訴訟,另一項議題是2021年底埃及政府啟動的「偉大轉容專案」(Great Transfiguration Project)。此專案規劃將修道院周邊區域改建為國際觀光度假勝地,裡面蓋有大片別墅和觀光旅館,以及現代化公路。根據埃及旅遊與文物部6月公開資訊,工程進度已達九成以上。

此項工程也曾引發國際文化資產界與世界遺產委員會擔憂,認為這些鋼筋水泥建設會破壞該地區的歷史原貌與原本與世隔絕的自然神聖感。

埃及歷史學家暨人類學博士後研究員達利(Hamdy El Daly)接受中央社專訪時首先表示,「從歷史學來說,聖凱薩琳地區見證了埃及人文精神層面最獨特的一幅篇章。」

他說,聖凱薩琳修道院從6世紀建成後至今仍維持宗教活動與修道生活,而非一座不再運作,僅供後世人瞻仰的古蹟;我們現在可透過這棟古老建築,見證過去1500年宗教傳統傳承,這便是這座修道院最重要的歷史價值。

「而且這段歷史記憶與先知、聖徒、修士和朝聖者緊密交織,在聖凱薩琳地區留下永恆的歷代文明與宗教更迭。」

對達利來說,聖凱薩琳除了是一座宗教或生態旅遊遊客眼中風景優美的山城外,更像是一座人類歷史的露天博物館。「伊斯蘭教、基督教和猶太教在這道神聖的空間內共存;透過3大宗教的建築、藝術與古老手稿在此匯集,共同構築成一項底蘊深厚的宗教與精神遺產。」達利以崇敬的語氣,向記者描述這道世界文化遺產在他心目中的地位。

達利告訴記者,修道院內除有幾項基督教相關的重要設施外,他還特別想強調一個可見證「宗教共存歷史」的特色設施——建於1106年的清真寺。

這名專研歷史學的學者認為,這座擁有伊斯蘭建築特有圓形拱門和朝向麥加祈禱龕(Mihrab)的清真寺,不只代表是修道院內一座與眾不同的建築單體,也證明西奈地區在歷史上確實存在一個以上的宗教群體。

達利將聖凱薩琳修道院描述為:3大亞伯拉罕宗教(Abrahamic Religions)的精神記憶交會點。

亞伯拉罕(Abraham,伊斯蘭教稱為易卜拉欣(Ibrahim))同時被猶太教、基督教與伊斯蘭教共同尊奉為信仰先祖;而來自以色列民族的摩西(Moses,伊斯蘭教稱為穆薩(Musa))則是其後代,也是此3大教共同尊崇的重要先知。

「根據宗教經典,摩西帶領以色列人離開埃及,並在西奈山(Mount Sinai,阿拉伯語稱摩西山(Jebel Musa))領受上帝頒布的律法『十誡』,自此西奈半島成為連結3大宗教歷史記憶的重要聖地。」達利說道。

達利進一步闡述他對此段歷史研究的核心論點。他認為,聖凱薩琳修道院不是只單純地將不同宗教的建築集中在一起,更是透過歷史遺跡、宗教文獻及持續至今的信仰活動,具體地呈現出不同文明長期交會的過程。

此外,達利也提及,聖凱薩琳的文化價值不只來自修道院及其宗教古蹟,也包括長期居住在山區,負責守護修道院安全並提供後勤的地方族群,也就是貝都因人(Bedouins),特別是傑貝利亞(Jebelia)部落。

貝都因人是建構埃及與東北非多元文化版圖的兩大核心少數民族之一。另一族則是主要聚集在埃及最南部亞斯文(Aswan)和鄰國蘇丹北部一帶的努比亞人(Nubians)。他們都是當今埃及觀光文化中最重要的兩大原住民亮點。

達利認為,貝都因人在西奈山區歷史文化的保存及傳承上扮演重要角色,不能只將他們視為觀光服務提供者。

貝都因人被稱為是沙漠中的植物學家與生存智者。達利表示,他們長期累積對山區地形、藥用植物及自然環境方面的知識,這些傳統不僅構成地方文化,也具有生態保育及永續觀光價值。若觀光開發忽略地方社群的參與,便可能失去聖凱薩琳最重要的文化特色。

「文化財產新聞網」(Cultural Property News)和「新線雜誌」(New Lines Magazine)先前曾報導,「偉大轉容專案」恐將衝擊貝都因人的傳統生活方式與文化。例如部落傳統房屋與生態營地被迫遷移;貝都因人被邊緣化,傳統作為山區旅遊嚮導的生計遭扼殺。

達利呼籲,貝都因人的古老知識具有文化與生態價值,因此聖凱薩琳的文化遺產除修道院、教堂、清真寺及古籍外,也應納入地方社群的生活方式與文化傳統,並成為發展生態旅遊的重要資產。

達利同時強調,聖凱薩琳地區的觀光發展也必須以尊重考古、宗教及生態特色為前提,不讓開發威脅到歷史遺產的保存性。

針對國際保護人士先前提出的質疑,埃及政府也以對外公開承諾將維護宗教獨立性做為回應,並在埃及「金字塔報」(Al Ahram)上保證專案不會改變修道院建築本身。此外,專案也已包含「貝都因社區發展」計畫,以提升當地居民生活條件,並會以「和平廣場」來向全世界展示,3大宗教在聖凱薩琳地區融合的正面意象。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 偉大轉容計畫將持續推進並完工

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 偉大轉容計畫完工後對當地生態的實際衝擊為何?
  • 貝都因人的傳統生計將如何獲得實質保障?

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This article was originally published by 中央社.

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