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Back德语媒体:出口激增也是中国的软肋
德语媒体:出口激增也是中国的软肋
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德国之声13 hours agoOpinion3 min readChinaView translation

德语媒体:出口激增也是中国的软肋

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中国出口在9月同比增长36%,评论指出其背后有制度性原因,包括内需疲软、产能过剩、汇率被低估以及补贴政策。尽管欧盟对中国混动车实施进口限制,但中国出口热潮短期难改。德国汽车工业曾反对对华强硬政策,但因中国电动车快速崛起和在华销售下降,现在呼吁欧盟采取关税措施。文章指出,即使在条件均等的竞争环境下,欧洲车企胜出也不乐观。

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Why It Matters

文章指出中国出口连创记录,背后有制度性原因:内需持续疲软导致生产过剩企业将境外市场视为唯一出路;人民币汇率、价格水平、薪资和能源成本被低估;补贴政策和压制消费的经济秩序未变,高额出口顺差难以改变。

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(德国之声中文网)尽管欧美各国不断抗议,但中国的出口机器依然越转越快。今年九月,中国的出口量同比再度猛增36%。《商报》评论认为,今年中国出口顺差突破一万亿美元大关的时间会比往年更早,而这一切也是预料之中的事情,因为中国出口热潮的背后有着制度性的原因。这篇题为《冒险游戏》的评论写道:

“中国出口连创记录的原因出在中国国内:内需持续疲软,生产过剩的企业在相互竞争中,输掉了最后的利润。于是乎,境外市场成了他们唯一的出路。不可否认,中国经济确实拥有极高的创新力,并在许多领域占据了世界领先位置。欧洲人已经感觉到了来自中国的竞争压力,并开始奋发图强,这倒也是好事。

但同样不可否认的却是:疲软的汇率,总体价格水平以及依然低廉的薪资和能源成本都非常有利于中国的出口业。被人为低估的不仅是人民币汇率,从某种意义上讲,整个中国经济都被严重低估了。

只要中国自上而下的补贴政策和压制消费的经济秩序不发生改变,高额的出口顺差就不会发生变化。任何贸易谈判也就只能治标不治本,无法触及问题的根源。欧盟对中国混动车实施进口限制是正确的。但欧盟今后更需要设立内涵广泛的工具箱,以便保护贸易,并为中国投资设立明确的条件。”

《商报》评论指出,在可预见的未来,中国的出口狂潮将很难发生变化,因为出口政策同中国的体制密切相关:

“多年来,中国政府一直在呼吁提振内需,但迄今为止却成效甚微。原因之一在于地方省市的财政受到很多限制。相关的国际讨论中,中国各地方似乎在经济领域拥有很大的自主性,但实际情况远非如此。有鉴于此,出口热潮只能持续下去。

而这也正是中国的战略软肋。中国党和国家领导人习近平本希望中国能够减少对西方的依赖。但中国的实际发展却恰恰相反:中国的出口热潮离不开境外市场,而各国却在纷纷筑起贸易壁垒。一旦全球范围内,人工智能开始降温。与之相关的中国出口必将受到冲击。到时候怎么办呢?”

“单凭贸易壁垒救不了欧洲车企”

长期以来,德国汽车工业一直反对政府采取强硬对华政策的主力军,因为他们担心失去中国市场,但是,现在风向显然发生了变化。《科隆城市报》评论写道:

“随着中国汽车品牌大局进军欧洲市场,大众等车企的风向显然变了。他们突然公开呼吁欧盟采取关税和限制进口等措施。他们显然已经不大担心中国的报复措施了,因为出于其他一些原因,德国车辆的在华销售已经开始暴跌。

短短几年之内,中国已经让德国汽车高管们连续四次惊呼意外:中国技术飞跃之快令他们始料不及,大量车企的涌现令他们始料不及,房地产危机的影响之大令他们始料不及,中国的出口战略也令他们始料不及。既然德国汽车高管们已将中国视为‘第二个本土市场’,连续出现如此多的误判着实令人大跌眼镜。

大众、斯泰兰蒂斯和雷诺现在都在努力在欧洲本土生产出价格亲民的电动车。中国汽车厂商获得了政府强有力的扶持,因此欧洲企业要求机会均等,倒也合情合理。

但是问题却在于,中国大型车企很快也将开始在欧洲本土生产,甚至会以实际行动展示他们比欧洲汽车更胜一筹。同欧洲车企相比,他们没有那么多的历史包袱,又更能灵活应对,技术水准也绝不落后。在汽车电池领域,中国占据绝对的领先地位,除了大众之外,该领域已经找不到其他欧洲车企的影子。

即便中国车企和欧洲车企获得了同样的竞争环境,欧洲企业就一定能够胜出吗?就现在的情况而言,这一点并不乐观:在‘条件均等的赛场’上,也同样会有输家。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中国出口顺差在可预见的未来将难以发生根本性变化

    Likely · Within months

  • 德国及欧洲车企将继续增加对华电动车竞争的担忧,并可能推动更多贸易限制措施

    Possible · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 中国何时才能实现内需提振?
  • 欧盟是否会扩大对华贸易限制措施?
  • 德国车企在欧洲本土生产电动车能否有效抵御中国竞争?
  • 若全球人工智能降温,中国相关出口将受何种程度冲击?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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