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Back中國搶攻全球貿易命脈!80%貨運都靠「它」 下1張王牌曝光
中國搶攻全球貿易命脈!80%貨運都靠「它」 下1張王牌曝光
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自由时报23 minutes agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

中國搶攻全球貿易命脈!80%貨運都靠「它」 下1張王牌曝光

自動化碼頭數量居全球之首,技術輸出海外擴大供應鏈影響力

Quick Look

中國擁有60個自動化碼頭,數量全球第一,並計劃2030年前增至90個。北京積極將智慧港口技術輸出海外,向47國69個港口提供約48億美元資金,另投入155億美元興建或收購海外港口股份,試圖在全球供應鏈中取得領先地位。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

全球超過80%的貨物運輸仰賴海運。中國目前擁有60個自動化碼頭,數量居全球之首,並計劃在2030年前增加至90個。青島新前灣貨櫃碼頭被稱為全球首個全自動化碼頭,每台起重機每小時可處理61個貨櫃,效率超過傳統碼頭兩倍。

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全球超過80%的貨物運輸仰賴海運,掌握港口與航運技術,等於掌握全球貿易的重要命脈。中國正積極布局智慧港口,從無人駕駛卡車、遙控起重機到人工智慧(AI)系統,試圖在下一代港口硬體與軟體領域取得領先地位。北京不僅希望藉由自動化提升港口效率,更積極將相關技術輸出海外,擴大在全球供應鏈的影響力。

根據路透報導,當各國領導人下週前往中國深圳參加亞太經濟合作會議(APEC)峰會時,馬灣碼頭的自動化設備,正是中國海上貿易現代化布局的縮影。北京目前已推動數十項自動化港口計畫,並將智慧港口視為下一輪全球港口與航運競爭的關鍵。

中國交通部指出,中國目前擁有60個自動化碼頭,數量居全球之冠,並計畫在2030年前增加至90個。其中,位於青島的新前灣貨櫃碼頭,被稱為全球首個全自動化碼頭,每台起重機每小時可處理61個貨櫃,效率超過傳統碼頭兩倍。

相較之下,美國港口自動化進展較慢。美國政府問責局2024年提交國會的報告指出,美國十大港口的自動化程度低於其他國家的同類港口。布魯金斯學會研究員陳凱爾分析,中國自動化推進較快,與缺乏獨立工會阻撓有關,美國工會則可能因擔憂失業而減緩相關進程。

中國也希望將國內港口累積的技術優勢轉化為海外商機。無人駕駛卡車製造商韋斯特韋爾(Westwell)與華為等企業,正積極開發智慧港口技術,其中韋斯特韋爾的無人駕駛卡車已在英國費利克斯託港投入營運。

北京更透過資金與設備出口擴大布局。美國威廉瑪麗學院旗下AidData研究實驗室今年3月發布報告指出,自2000年以來,中國已向47個國家的69個港口提供約48億美元(約新台幣1579.2億)資金,協助採購港口設備,另投入155億美元(約新台幣5099.5億)興建或收購海外港口股份。

不過,中國在港口軟體領域仍面臨挑戰。此前,中國支持的航運數據平台LOGINK曾引發美國疑慮,華盛頓擔心北京可能藉此追蹤敏感貨物,甚至掌握競爭對手的貿易資訊。路透上月披露,該平台已悄然倒閉,也凸顯中國要讓海外市場接受其航運軟體並不容易。

中國目前也試圖突破由美國企業長期主導的碼頭操作系統(TOS)市場。這類軟體負責規劃貨櫃卸載、車輛移動及海關資訊處理。中國國營招商局港口已在巴西巴拉那瓜港部署自主研發系統,並將技術拓展至斯里蘭卡、希臘、義大利及土耳其。

中國交通部曾表示,誰先完成數位轉型,誰就能在下一輪全球港口與航運競爭中取得優勢。然而,西方官員與分析人士擔憂,中國若在港口技術建立主導地位,可能進一步掌握供應鏈資訊,甚至將技術優勢轉化為經濟施壓或監控工具。

前世界經濟論壇供應鏈與運輸業負責人萊馬赫警告,中國透過各地投資與試點計畫,逐步將分散據點串聯成網絡,最終形成對全球供應鏈的控制力。這也讓中國搶攻智慧港口的布局,不再只是提升運輸效率,更牽動全球貿易主導權的競逐。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中國將繼續將智慧港口技術輸出至更多國家,擴大海外港口投資與股權佈局

    Likely · Within months

  • 美國與西方國家可能加強對中國港口軟體與數據平台的審查與限制

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中國智慧港口技術輸出的具體合作條款與合同金額細節
  • LOGINK平台倒閉的具體原因與時間
  • 美國可能採取什麼具體措施回應中國在港口軟體領域的擴張

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