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Back一场席卷产业链的供需博弈
一场席卷产业链的供需博弈
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中国新闻网yesterdayTech4 min readChinaView translation

一场席卷产业链的供需博弈

Quick Look

今年以来,腾讯云、阿里云、百度智能云等云计算厂商及AI服务商密集上调算力产品价格,部分服务最高涨幅超过30%。需求端因生成式AI应用井喷式发展导致Token调用量激增,供给端受高端AI芯片产能紧张、智算中心建设周期长等因素制约,供需失衡推高算力价格。涨价正沿产业链向上下游传导,上游硬件厂商受益,中游算力租赁企业面临机遇与压力,下游AI应用企业成本承压加剧,行业分化或将加剧。专家建议企业通过技术降本、资源调度优化和战略布局应对,行业需跳出单纯拼硬件思路,向算法优化和场景解决方案延伸。

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Why It Matters

今年以来,腾讯云、阿里云、百度智能云等云计算厂商及人工智能服务商密集上调算力产品价格,部分服务最高涨幅超过30%。算力是数字经济的核心生产要素,此轮算力涨价不仅是企业的价格调整,更是一场席卷产业链的供需博弈。

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一场席卷产业链的供需博弈

——算力涨价潮影响与应对①

今年以来,腾讯云、阿里云、百度智能云等云计算厂商及人工智能(AI)服务商密集上调算力产品价格,部分服务最高涨幅超过30%。此轮算力涨价,不仅是企业的价格调整,更是一场席卷产业链的供需博弈。

算力是数字经济的核心生产要素,这一轮算力涨价潮因何而来?价格上涨如何传导至产业链上下游?又将给正在加速发展的AI产业带来怎样的影响?

三重因素推高价格

“算力价格上涨,根本原因是供需失衡。需求端快速增长,而供给端受多重瓶颈制约,两者之间的缺口持续扩大。”赛智产业研究院智能经济研究所所长李铭岩说。

国家发展改革委宏观经济研究院研究员张林山认为,生成式AI应用的井喷式发展催生了海量算力需求,科技巨头与初创企业纷纷投身“百模大战”,导致对高性能图形处理器(GPU)、智算中心的需求呈指数级激增。

词元(Token)调用量的快速增长是需求端扩张的直接体现。截至今年3月,我国日均Token调用量已超过140万亿,相比2024年初的1000亿增长了1000多倍,相比2025年底的100万亿,3个月时间增长超40%。

需求结构的转变,折射出算力市场的新趋势。国家数据局数据显示,2025年,我国用于人工智能训练和推理的数据总量为199.48艾字节(EB),推理数据量首超训练数据量,达101.34EB。据测算,未来推理算力需求与训练算力需求之比或将达到3∶1,甚至更高。训练决定模型的能力上限,而推理则决定模型的商业落地,这种转变,使算力从阶段性投入变成持续性运营支出。

供给端的约束也十分突出。国研新经济研究院创始院长朱克力认为,高端AI芯片、高带宽存储等核心硬件产能紧张,上游元器件成本抬升,直接推高服务器采购成本。同时智算中心建设还要匹配电力、网络配套,新建算力集群投产周期长,短期供给跟不上需求扩张的节奏。

李铭岩判断,此轮算力涨价不是短期波动,而是AI产业从“补贴扩张”走向“商业可持续”的标志性节点。需求端从训练向推理的结构性迁移打开了长期增长空间,供给端的硬件、封装、交付等瓶颈在短期内难以根本缓解,而行业自身的商业逻辑已从“烧钱”转向“盈利”。三重力量叠加,共同推高了算力价格。

产业链正加速调整

8月17日,DeepSeek API(应用程序编程接口)调价正式生效。业内人士分析,算力成本压力是人工智能大模型涨价的主要原因。

算力价格上涨,正沿着产业链向上下游传导。一场围绕成本、利润和市场份额的博弈也随之展开。涨价首先向上游传导,带动算力基础设施投资扩张。随着AI需求持续增长,云厂商不断加大资本开支,推动GPU、存储、先进封装等核心硬件需求扩张。“上游硬件厂商迎来量价齐升的景气周期,芯片、存储、先进封装等上游环节是涨价的最大受益者。”李铭岩说。

处于产业链中游的算力租赁企业,则面临机遇与压力并存的局面。业内人士表示,随着算力需求持续增长,算力租赁市场空间进一步扩大,相关企业的议价能力有望提升。与此同时,算力成本占其运营支出的七八成,上游价格上涨将直接压缩利润空间。

当涨价压力最终传导至下游,AI应用企业的成本承压将更加明显,行业分化或将进一步加剧。算力成本正成为大模型公司和AI应用企业的运营负担,头部模型厂商成为云服务商之外算力租赁市场的重要增量客户,但实力较弱的中小AI企业可能因算力成本过高而被挤出市场,加速行业洗牌。

张林山认为,面对算力涨价挑战,企业应采取降本增效与多元布局的策略。技术上,通过模型蒸馏、量化等手段降低算力消耗,并探索国产芯片等替代方案;资源上,采用混合云架构,灵活调度算力资源以平滑价格波动;战略上,大型企业可适度布局自建算力设施,中小企业则可利用算力租赁模式降低初始投入,通过精细化管理最大化单位算力的价值。

朱克力表示,算力供给企业,不能简单依靠涨价获利,要提升资源调度效率,盘活闲置算力,丰富按量计费、弹性租赁等多元服务模式。长远来看,整个行业要跳出单纯拼硬件资源的思路,向算法优化、场景解决方案延伸,依靠技术效率对冲硬件成本上涨带来的压力。

完善算力供给体系

算力涨价潮会持续多久?多位专家判断,未来两三年算力价格将呈现先稳中有升,而后逐步趋稳分化的走势。短期高端训练算力仍将维持高位,随着全球算力产能持续投放、国产算力生态成熟,通用推理算力涨幅放缓;长期来看,价格将逐步回落。

面对供给短缺与需求增加双重压力,除了扩大硬件供给,通过云端服务的调度能力,把已有和新增的算力资源利用到最优,成为当前许多企业的选择。

以腾讯云为例,通过统一调度层,腾讯云将不同芯片、不同任务、不同位置的算力资源纳入同一平台管理,按业务实际需要动态匹配——训练与推理弹性分配、云端与边端协同承担、离线与在线错峰运行。

中国信息通信研究院云计算与数字化研究所副所长栗蔚认为,行业将从比拼浮点运算能力,转向比拼Token效能。云服务商需通过模型架构优化等手段系统性降低Token成本,从而在价格层面构建差异化竞争优势,实现技术降本与商业竞争力的双重突破。

今年4月,算力网被正式纳入国家“六张网”建设,围绕国家算力枢纽节点已建成超70条算力大通道。李铭岩认为,应在此基础上加快推动算力资源全国“一张网”调度,打破区域和主体壁垒,让算力真正像水电一样流动自如;持续探索“算力换绿电”等市场化合作模式,让西部绿电真正成为东部算力的低成本能源支撑;加大研发投入,突破先进制程、先进封装等关键技术瓶颈。

构建高效、普惠、安全的算力供给体系需要多方协同推进。张林山建议,技术层面,持续突破高端芯片、基础软件关键技术,完善异构算力调度平台,提升算力资源利用率;布局全国一体化算力网络,深化“东数西算”工程,推动算力跨区域流通交易,降低算力使用门槛,促进算力普惠。产业层面,鼓励绿色智算中心建设,发展液冷、低碳算力基础设施。

(经济日报 记者 赖奇春 黄鑫)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来两三年算力价格将呈现先稳中有升,而后逐步趋稳分化的走势。

    Likely · Within months

  • 算力从阶段性投入变成持续性运营支出的趋势将持续,推理算力需求与训练算力需求之比或将达到3∶1,甚至更高。

    Likely · Within months

  • 行业将从比拼浮点运算能力,转向比拼Token效能,云服务商需通过模型架构优化等手段系统性降低Token成本。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 算力价格何时能够企稳回落?
  • 国产算力生态何时能够成熟以缓解供给瓶颈?
  • 中小AI企业在算力成本压力下的生存策略是什么?
  • 算力网全国“一张网”调度的实施时间表是什么?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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