
諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎授予美國學者戴瑟羅斯、德國學者赫吉曼和內格爾,表彰他們開創光遺傳學,利用光控制神經細胞,為理解大腦功能和治療視力障礙開闢新途徑。
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二十世紀初,科學家開始探索大腦區域與功能的關聯,但傳統方法無法驗證神經活動的因果關係。光遺傳學的發展使科學家能以光精確控制神經細胞活動。
諾貝爾生醫獎五日公布得獎者,由美國學者戴瑟羅斯(Karl Deisseroth)和德國學者赫吉曼(Peter Hegemann)、內格爾(Georg Nagel)三人共享殊榮。諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎委員會讚揚,三名學者開創、發展的「光遺傳學」(Optogenetics),替理解人類大腦運作開闢科學新頁,達到了「過往只能在夢中實現」的成就。
開創理解大腦運作新頁
諾貝爾官方新聞稿說明,科學蓬勃發展的廿世紀,研究員著手探究大腦部位和機能之間的關聯性。然而,當時使用的研究方法,無法讓研究員驗證當中的因果關係,如同一幅充滿問號和未知,僅描繪出大致輪廓的地圖。如今,光遺傳學讓科學家得以一窺神經細胞如何在大腦內部形成記憶、情感和行為。
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為神經科學發展奠定基礎
在這項極具突破性的科學歷程中,赫吉曼與內格爾在單細胞藻類發現了名為「光敏感通道蛋白」(Channelrhodopsin)的特殊蛋白質;戴瑟羅斯則將光敏感通道蛋白轉變為能以光控制神經細胞的媒介,為神經科學的新時代發展奠定基礎。
光遺傳學緣起自赫吉曼出於好奇,想了解單細胞藻類衣藻(Chlamydomonas)趨向光源的特性。二〇〇〇年初,他和內格爾在細胞表層發現光敏感通道蛋白。當以藍光照射會開啟一道通道,帶電離子流入細胞並產生電脈衝。兩人發現,無論將光敏感通道蛋白放在何種細胞內,都會產生光敏感性質。
戴瑟羅斯承先啟後,將光敏感通道蛋白的基因,導入老鼠的神經細胞並以藍光照射,藉此觸發神經訊號。戴瑟羅斯於二〇〇五年發表這項重大研究成果,兩年後,進一步讓光控制開關能夠在活體老鼠大腦發揮作用。
嘗試恢復視覺受損者功能
簡而言之,「光遺傳學」利用光控制神經訊號的科學方法。這項工具迅速產生全球性的廣泛影響。研究員因而得以揭開神經系統與精神疾病中,管理特定記憶、情感和行為的神經迴路。臨床醫療方面,研究員正利用此方法,嘗試恢復視覺受損者的視覺功能。
諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎委員會秘書普爾曼(Thomas Perlmann)已通過電話向三名學者報喜。三人將分享約一二〇〇萬瑞典克朗(約台幣三七九〇萬元)的獎金。

Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, announced on Monday that this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine will be awarded to Deisseroth, Hegermann and Nagel in recognition of their outstanding contributions in the field of optogenetics, kicking off this year's Nobel Prize winning series.

This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine focuses on "optogenetics". Using green algae photosensitive proteins and genetic engineering, scientists have successfully used a beam of light to precisely control nerve cells in the animal brain within a thousandth of a second. This has been extended to human ophthalmology clinical trials to restore the sense of light to blind people.

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to three scientists, Deisseroth, Hagermann and Nagel, for their discovery of light-sensitive ion channels and the creation of optogenetics, which enabled the breakthrough of using light to precisely switch nerve cells on and off in the living brain.

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded to Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their pioneering research into light-gated ion channels and optogenetics.

After nearly eight years of research, Yang Shuyi's team, associate professor at the Institute of Plant Science at National Taiwan University, discovered that the transcription factor IDD7 is a key switch in maintaining the symbiotic relationship between rice and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Its absence will reduce the degree of fungal symbiosis and affect the development of nutrient exchange structures. The research results have been published in the international journal "Nature Communications".

On October 4, my country’s Himalayan “8·26” extreme geological disaster emergency cross-border scientific expedition team set off from Chengdu to Nepal. More than 50 scientific researchers will conduct a joint cryospheric and lithospheric catastrophe emergency joint scientific expedition to trace the origin of the cross-border debris flow disaster caused by glacier collapse on the northern border of Nepal in the entire basin.