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Back年轻人心脑血管疾病高发,动脉粥样硬化是主因
年轻人心脑血管疾病高发,动脉粥样硬化是主因
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中国新闻网1 hour agoHealth4 min readChinaView translation

年轻人心脑血管疾病高发,动脉粥样硬化是主因

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近年来,年轻人心脑血管疾病发病趋年轻化,动脉粥样硬化是主要病理基础。不良生活方式如熬夜、外卖依赖、吸烟饮酒加速血管损伤,缺乏侧支循环使首次发病后果更严重。文章强调从年轻时开始监测血压、血糖、血脂,尤其是低密度脂蛋白胆固醇,并通过健康饮食、微运动、戒烟限酒等方式进行早期预防。

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Why It Matters

近年来新闻报道和门诊中年轻人心脑血管疾病病例增多,《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2024》和《2024年中国脑卒中防治报告》均指出发病年轻化趋势。动脉粥样硬化是主要病理基础,但年轻人发病机制更复杂,除斑块破裂外,冠脉痉挛、动脉夹层等非粥样硬化因素也占比例。

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你的血管,要从年轻时开始呵护

动脉粥样硬化是年轻人心脑血管病主因

提起心脑血管疾病,许多人下意识认为这是老年病。但近些年,新闻报道中不乏二十多岁的年轻人突发心梗、脑卒中的案例;在门诊中,受到相关疾病困扰的年轻人也越来越多。《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2024》显示,急性心肌梗死发病年龄仍呈年轻化趋势;《2024年中国脑卒中防治报告》也指出,我国脑卒中发病总体呈现年轻化趋势。

是什么原因,导致这些年轻人患上了心脑血管疾病?

从临床上看,年轻人心脑血管疾病的发病机制较为复杂,个体差异显著。除遗传、先天血管因素及心源性病因外,动脉粥样硬化是最常见的病理基础。

我们可以把动脉粥样硬化理解为血管被脂质斑块堵塞的过程。健康的血管内壁光滑而有弹性,当血液中的“坏胆固醇”——低密度脂蛋白胆固醇过多时,它会穿过血管内皮并沉积在内皮下层,这时身体的免疫系统会把这些沉积物当作“敌人”,派出巨噬细胞去清除它们——吞噬了过多脂质的巨噬细胞会变成“泡沫细胞”,堆积形成脂质条纹,这就是动脉粥样硬化斑块的雏形。随着时间推移,斑块内部会堆积更多脂质,表面覆盖一层纤维帽,形成成熟的粥样硬化斑块。

这些斑块的存在可导致两个严重后果:一是血管机械性狭窄——斑块向管腔内凸起,造成血流不畅,引发心绞痛等缺血症状。二是更危险的急性事件——纤维帽破裂,内部的促凝物质暴露于血液,迅速形成血栓。若血栓完全堵塞血管,便可能诱发急性心肌梗死或缺血性脑卒中等严重后果。

值得注意的是,年轻人心脑血管事件的发病特征与老年人存在显著差异。老年人的动脉粥样硬化通常是历经数十年缓慢进展的退行性病变,常伴随高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等基础疾病,病程中逐渐形成了侧支循环,具有一定的代偿能力。但年轻人的急性发病,除粥样硬化斑块不稳定破裂外,冠脉痉挛、动脉夹层、血管炎、心源性栓塞等非粥样硬化因素也占相当比例。长期熬夜、饮食失衡等不良生活方式,更会加速斑块进展或直接诱发急性血管损伤。而且,年轻人的发病病程较短,侧支循环往往尚未建立。一旦血管急性闭塞或发生严重痉挛,由于缺乏备用血流通路,首次发病即可能表现为急性心肌梗死或脑卒中,后果更为凶险。

年纪轻轻,血管健康怎么就亮起红灯?

血管从柔软富有弹性到逐渐变硬、变脆,本应是一个以“十年”为单位的缓慢过程。但如今,高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、肥胖等慢性病的年轻化,叠加不规律饮食、长期熬夜、工作压力大等不良生活方式,正使这一进程明显提速。

外卖和速食文化的兴起极大改变了当代年轻人的膳食结构。外卖普遍存在高油、高盐、高糖、精制碳水比例高的特点,蔬菜、粗粮和优质蛋白严重不足。长期依赖外卖,多种危险因素叠加,血管内皮便会持续受损。高盐饮食易使血压升高,增加血管壁压力,从而损伤内皮细胞,导致其屏障功能减弱;高脂饮食会导致血液中的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇浓度升高,这些脂质颗粒会通过受损的内皮屏障进入内皮下层并沉积;高糖饮食则易诱发胰岛素抵抗和血脂代谢紊乱,同样导致多余脂质不断沉积,为动脉粥样硬化埋下隐患。

与此同时,久坐、运动不足会造成血液循环减慢,机体代谢效率下降,导致脂质及氧化代谢产物在体内蓄积,进一步加重血管的代谢负担。

长期熬夜和紧张的生活节奏同样是损害血管健康的重要推手。熬夜会使交感神经持续兴奋,造成血压反复波动,削弱血管的稳定性。在职场竞争、生活压力等多重因素之下,许多年轻人长期处于精神紧绷、情绪焦虑的慢性应激状态,这会引发体内炎症水平升高,并可能导致凝血功能异常,显著提升心脑血管疾病的突发风险。

尤其需要警惕的是,吸烟是损害血管健康的重要独立危险因素。烟草燃烧产生的尼古丁、一氧化碳、自由基等数千种化学物质会直接进入血液,对血管最内层的内皮细胞造成损伤。此外,吸烟还会激活血管壁的炎症反应,使斑块从稳定转向易损,增加破裂风险。而饮酒同样会损害血管健康。酒精会直接损伤血管内皮,即使少量饮用,也会增加高血压、房颤等风险。

关注血管健康要从现在开始

心脑血管疾病的年轻化,本质上是不良生活方式对健康透支的警示。身为年轻人,无需因此过度恐慌,但也应摒弃侥幸心理。实际上,损害血管健康的危险因素往往从青年时期就开始累积,由于早期无明显症状,容易被忽视。但是,长期的血管损伤一旦突破身体的代偿极限,部分人群的首次发病便可能直接表现为急性心肌梗死或脑卒中。因此,对血管健康的日常监测与早期预防至关重要。

筛查危险因素是预防的第一步。应坚持定期监测血压、血糖和血脂,以及时发现血管隐患。相比血压和血糖,公众对血脂异常的认知相对不足,尤其是其中最危险的信号——低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。它是动脉粥样硬化的核心“原料”,也是降脂治疗的首要靶点。根据《中国血脂管理指南(2023年)》,不同风险等级对应不同的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇控制目标:健康成年人应低于3.4mmol/L;合并高血压、糖尿病等危险因素者,目标降至2.6mmol/L以下;已确诊心脑血管疾病者,需控制在1.8mmol/L以下且降幅超过50%。

在现实生活中,熬夜加班、依赖外卖有时难以完全避免,可以通过一些简单的调整最大限度地降低健康风险。比如,在外卖选择上,优先挑选清蒸、水煮、清炒的菜式,避开红烧、油炸等重油盐的餐食,同时有意识地搭配蔬菜和杂粮饭,减少精制主食的摄入;不得不熬夜时,避免大量饮用咖啡、浓茶或功能性饮料提神;在工作间隙,选择无糖酸奶等健康加餐,替代薯片、饼干等零食。

在繁忙的工作节奏中,年轻人也可以利用碎片时间进行“微运动”。比如,通勤时提前一站下车步行;午休时进行简单拉伸;工作时每隔一小时起身活动,缓解久坐带来的血液循环阻滞。日积月累,这些微小改变有助于改善身体状态。

戒烟限酒对提升血管健康同样意义重大。吸烟不存在“安全剂量”,戒烟是唯一且最有效的保护方式,越早戒血管修复的空间就越大。饮酒同样如此,从保护血管的角度,最安全的选择是不饮酒。若暂时无法完全戒断,可把逐步减少饮酒量作为过渡。

此外,还应及时关注身体发出的预警信号。若反复出现不明原因的胸闷、心慌、头晕、肩背酸痛等症状,应及时休息并就医检查,切勿简单归咎于“太累了”而延误病情。(作者:陈新平,系北京市海淀医院〔北京大学第三医院海淀院区〕高压氧科主任、神经内科副主任医师)

来源:光明日报

Open Questions

  • 年轻人群体中动脉粥样硬化的具体发病率是多少?
  • 不同地区年轻人心脑血管疾病的发病差异如何?
  • 针对年轻人的血管健康干预项目在基层医院的覆盖情况如何?

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