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Back自由開講》重啟核電 不是AI用電的解方~
自由開講》重啟核電 不是AI用電的解方~
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自由时报20 hours agoEnergy4 min readChinaView translation

自由開講》重啟核電 不是AI用電的解方~

作者林仁斌:能源政策不能只說「只要安全」,必須證明安全、算清成本、交代時程並承擔責任

Quick Look

隨著AI資料中心與半導體產業發展,台灣用電需求增加,國民黨新北市長候選人李四川主張核電延役或重啟核四。作者林仁斌認為,公共政策必須先算清楚需求,比較各種供電方案,並交代成本、時程、核廢料處置與最終責任,不能以「只要安全」作為政策答案。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

AI資料中心與半導體產業快速發展,確實將增加台灣的用電需求,也使供電可靠度成為重要考驗。國民黨新北市長候選人李四川主張,只要確保安全,就支持核電廠延役或重啟核四,並以法國的用過核燃料再處理經驗說明核廢料並非無解。核三的再運轉計畫已於2026年9月24日完成核安會審查,核二審查程序仍在進行,核四未曾進入商業運轉。

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AI資料中心與半導體產業快速發展,確實將增加台灣的用電需求,也使供電可靠度成為重要考驗。但從「需要更多電」直接推論核電廠應延役、重啟,甚至重啟核四,仍有幾道不能跳過的政策考題。

AI資料中心與半導體產業用電需求,推論核電廠應延役、重啟,甚至重啟核四,仍有幾道不能跳過的政策考題。圖為核四廠。(資料照) 國民黨新北市長候選人李四川近日表示,只要確保安全,就支持核電廠延役或重啟核四。他也主張核電供電穩定、價格相對便宜,並以法國的用過核燃料再處理經驗,說明核廢料並非無解。這些主張都可以討論;但公共政策不能只提出有利事實,更須交代落實條件、完整成本與最終責任。AI需要電,是需求判斷;核電應該重啟,是政策判斷。兩者不能直接畫上等號。

先算清楚需求,再比較供電方案

AI資料中心、半導體製造與高效能運算可能增加多少用電,必須依產業擴張時程、設置地點、尖峰負載與設備效率等條件,建立完整的供需模型。接著才應比較燃氣、核電、再生能源、儲能、水力、電網與需求管理,在不同時程內能提供多少可靠電力、需要多少投資。

若核電重啟仍須完成工程更新與安全審查,就必須把實際供電時間一併納入比較。不能以AI用電的迫切性支持重啟,卻不計算核電何時才能供電。能源治理不是先選定一種能源,再要求其他條件配合;而是先確認需求,再找出能在所需時程內可靠供電的組合。

國民黨新北市長候選人李四川認為,為AI發展,在確保安全無虞下,是不論核電延役或是重啟核四,他其實都贊成。(資料照) 核電是否便宜,必須把整本帳算完核電在正常運轉時可能具有成本競爭力,但既有機組的日常發電成本,不等於停機後重新運轉的總成本;核四也不能直接比照已運轉機組。核二、核三與核四的設備狀態、工程需求及許可程序各不相同,應分別揭露更新成本、預計時程、可能發電量、燃料、核廢料管理與除役責任,再與其他供電方案採相同口徑比較。

再生能源同樣不能只計算設備成本,而忽略電網、儲能與土地使用。所有能源都應接受一致標準的檢驗,而不是對自己支持的方案採取較寬鬆的算法。

核二、核三、核四,不能一概而論

核電機組延役、停機後重啟與核四重新運轉,是不同的政策與安全問題。核三的再運轉計畫雖已於2026年9月24日完成核安會審查,但台電仍須執行核定計畫、提出執行結果報告,並完成後續審查與相關安全檢查;核二的審查程序仍在進行。核四則未曾進入商業運轉,不能簡化為恢復既有機組運轉的問題。

這不表示重啟必然不可行,而是說,在必要的工程、檢查與法定程序完成以前,不能把尚未確定的電力,當成已經確定的供電來源。

法國能再處理核燃料,不代表核廢料問題已解決

法國確有用過核燃料再處理的技術與實務經驗,可以回收部分可再利用材料;但再處理不會消除所有放射性廢棄物。核安會整理的國際經驗也指出,外國用過核燃料即使送往法國再處理,相關廢棄物仍須依規定運回原產生國。

核三的再運轉計畫,已於2026年9月24日完成核安會審查。(資料照)台灣若要把再處理納入核廢料政策,就必須交代國際合作與法律安排、完整成本、回收材料管理,以及剩餘高放射性廢棄物的最終處置方案。不能因為某項技術存在,就宣稱整個問題已經有解。

「只要安全」是門檻,不是政策答案

支持核電的人可以要求政府認真評估重啟,社會也有理由追問核安、成本與核廢料責任。安全不是政治人物可以預先宣告的結論,而是主管機關必須依據法規、技術資料與現場查證逐項確認的條件。即使安全獲得確認,政策仍須回答成本是否合理、供電時程是否符合需求,以及除役與核廢料責任是否有可執行的安排。

核電可以討論,延役可以評估,核四也可以接受有證據支持的檢視;但任何主張都必須交代:何時能供電、能提供多少電力、需要多少成本、必須承擔什麼風險,以及出了問題由誰負責。

AI時代,台灣真正不能缺的,不只是電力,更是讓供電承諾接受檢驗、讓成本與風險公開、讓決策者承擔後果的能源治理制度。能源政策不能只說「只要安全」,而必須證明安全、算清成本、交代時程,並承擔責任。

核能安全是主管機關必須依據法規、技術資料與現場查證,一一逐項確認。(資料照) (作者為台灣永續治理論壇發起人、文化大學副教授)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 核三再運轉計畫將在完成後續審查與安全檢查後進入執行階段

    Likely · Within months

  • 核二審查程序將持續進行,重啟時間不確定

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 核電重啟後實際何時能供電?
  • 核二、核三、核四分別的更新成本、預計時程與可能發電量是多少?
  • 核廢料最終處置方案與除役責任由誰承擔?
  • 各種供電方案在相同口徑下的完整成本比較結果為何?

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