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BackAI算力熱潮推升台灣用電需求,半導體產業用電比重將升至30%,綠電供應成關鍵挑戰
AI算力熱潮推升台灣用電需求,半導體產業用電比重將升至30%,綠電供應成關鍵挑戰
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自由时报41 minutes agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

AI算力熱潮推升台灣用電需求,半導體產業用電比重將升至30%,綠電供應成關鍵挑戰

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台灣因AI算力需求躍升全球供應鏈核心,半導體產業用電量預計2035年達1,100億度,佔全台用電30%。台電規劃更新火力機組並擴充再生能源,但電力建設速度落後於產業擴張,綠電需求可能遠超供給,成為台灣持續承接AI商機的關鍵考題。

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Why It Matters

台灣憑藉半導體先進製程與完整供應鏈,在全球AI算力熱潮中躍升關鍵位置,產業擴張帶動用電需求快速成長。

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記者林菁樺/專題報導

AI算力爆發,讓台灣站上全球AI供應鏈關鍵位置,從晶圓製造、先進封裝、高階記憶體,到伺服器、散熱及電源設備,產業持續擴張,也推升台灣經濟高速成長。不過,伴隨AI商機而來的另一項考題,電力供應是否跟得上?輝達執行長黃仁勳每次訪台,能源與電力幾乎都是必問問題;面對外界疑慮,台電則強調,未來供電「絕對足夠」。

AI算力熱潮引爆全球需求,台灣憑藉半導體先進製程與完整供應鏈生態系躍居核心地位。(路透)

經濟部今年6月公布最新電力資源供需報告,已將經濟成長、氣溫因素、半導體擴廠、資料中心及AI科技等新增用電需求納入推估,未來十年平均用電成長率由前次預估的1.7%上修至2.5%,已高於日本、韓國等國家。

不過,AI發展速度超乎預期,行政院近期更要求經濟部採取「寬估」策略。行政院長卓榮泰日前透露,用電需求將再往安全範圍調整;經濟部長龔明鑫也表示,用電推估有高、中、低等不同情境,為確保穩定供電,政府傾向採取較高情境進行準備,即使採取高推估,目前規劃的電力供應仍可支應產業需求。

AI帶動的用電需求,最直接反映在半導體產業。從前段晶圓製造、中段先進封裝到後段高階記憶體,台灣半導體供應鏈全面擴產。台電內部推估,今年半導體用電量約520億度,占全台用電量17%;2030年將攀升至800億度,2035年更可能達1,100億度,屆時半導體用電比重將提高至約30%,意味著台灣每3度電,就有近1度供給半導體產業。

台灣每3度電 有近1度供給半導體產業

面對未來用電快速增加,台灣未來5年至10年的電力布局,核心是大規模更新火力機組,同時增加再生能源、儲能及強化電網。

隨著太陽光電增加,台灣白天供電能力相對充裕,供電壓力逐漸轉移到太陽下山後的夜間尖峰,因此未來須以高效率燃氣機組,搭配儲能、水力及再生能源進行調度。

目前台電大型火力電廠,包括台中、興達、通霄、大林及協和等,都陸續進行機組更新與汰換;若再加上國光電力、麥寮汽電等民營燃氣發電計畫,預估2026年至2035年間,燃氣機組累計新增量約26GW、相當於2,600萬瓩,將成為未來10年因應用電成長的重要支柱。

AI時代台灣電力供應考題

不過,台電也坦言,電力建設速度遠不及科技產業。電子廠可能兩、三年就能完成建廠、投產,但大型電廠從規劃、施工到併網,往往需要更長時間,如何讓電力建設速度跟上AI產業擴張,是未來一大挑戰。

2035年半導體產業再生能源 用電需求將逾880億度

台灣真正的隱憂,可能不只是「有沒有電」,而是「有沒有足夠的綠電」。半導體及科技大廠除了需要24小時穩定供電,也必須因應RE100、RE80等減碳承諾。台電最新推估,2035年半導體產業再生能源用電需求將達880億度,已是去年全台再生能源發電量385億度的兩倍以上。去年台灣綠電中,光電發電量167億度最多,離岸風電94億度,加上陸域風電28億度,風電合計約122億度。

但AI資料中心、半導體擴產及企業RE100需求持續攀升,綠電需求增速也逐漸超越供給。AI讓台灣站上全球供應鏈核心,也讓電力成為下一個關鍵競爭力。未來5年要看新增電力建設能否如期完成,未來10年則考驗綠電供應能否跟上產業需求,這將是台灣能否持續承接AI商機的重要考題。

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 台灣2035年半導體產業用電量將達1,100億度,佔全台用電30%

    Likely · Within years

  • 2026年至2035年間,燃氣機組將累計新增約26GW容量

    Likely · Within years

  • 2035年半導體產業再生能源用電需求將達880億度,超過去年全台再生能源發電量兩倍

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 台電規劃的新增燃氣機組是否能如期完成?
  • 再生能源供應增速是否能滿足半導體產業RE100需求?
  • 電力建設速度如何提升以匹配科技產業週期?

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