
當AI將內容農場包裝成答案,使用者該如何辨識與防範?
黑熊學院指出,AI聊天機器人可能引用背景不明的「粉紅肉渣」網站或內容農場資訊。當AI將這些拼貼、改寫的內容包裝成答案,使用者應保持警覺,並要求AI列出具體消息來源以進行查證。
AI-generated summary
「粉紅肉渣」網站是指外觀像地方新聞但背後有政治目的的網站。內容農場則透過大量拼貼改寫文章並以誇張標題吸引點擊。
根據最近「新聞可信度評等」網站NewsGuard的調查發現,有多款AI聊天機器人會多次引用「粉紅肉渣Pink slime」網站。
「粉紅肉渣」其實是舊時代的產物。意指,這些網站乍看像一般地方新聞媒體,實際上可能由具有政治或意識型態目的的團體支持,卻沒有清楚揭露背景,就像加工肉泥一樣本質稀爛混雜。
這背後的問題在於:當使用者以AI工具詢問候選人或政治議題時,這些早已存在的資訊來源,開始進入AI的搜尋、引用與摘要流程。
這就讓人想到台灣存在多年的另一個問題:內容農場。「內容農場」這類網站有幾個常見特徵:
1.大量改寫拼貼其他媒體或網路既有內容
2.以誇張標題吸引點擊
3.作者或編輯、採訪過程的消息來源不清楚
4.短時間內生產大量多領域的文章
5.透過Facebook、LINE、搜尋引擎等管道大量散布
6.像新聞網站卻缺乏新聞機構的更正或審查機制
「粉紅肉渣」和台灣常說的「內容農場」雖然不是同義詞,但兩者有所重疊:都可能大量生產與改寫內容,而且背景來源不透明。要釐清的是:內容農場不完全等於假新聞,文章有可能真假混雜。更多時候,是把既有資訊重新拼貼、改寫,再配上誇大的標題。
因此,問題不僅包括內容真假,還包括「是誰生產這些資訊?為什麼生產?原始消息從哪裡來?如果內容有錯,又由誰負責」?
2019年《報導者》針對「密訊」所調查的運作模式就是案例之一。它大量抄寫、改寫既有新聞,在Facebook上具有相當可觀的傳播量。報導者提及,根據「FB專頁儀表板」的資訊,「密訊」曾在當年4月成為單週Facebook使用者分享次數最多的網域,分享數接近《自由時報》的5倍。
以前內容農場的入口是Google或Facebook;現在可能又多了AI。以前你可能直接讀到內容農場,逛了網站後你知道是內容農場;現在你可能讀到內容農場的資訊,但你不知道它來自內容農場。
「粉紅肉渣」跟內容農場其實都不是新產物,但在AI時代的確產生了新的問題:當我們把「搜尋資料、整理資料」的一部分工作交給AI,這些原本就有問題的資訊來源,會不會也被一起整理進答案裡?
所以要做的事情其實有兩件。第一,事前預警。當錯誤資訊進入潛意識,事後闢謠的修正效果可能就很有限。無論是國安單位或公民民防組織若監測到疑似大量網軍協同行為,在謠言成形之前提出預警是最理想的辦法。若以近期川習會為例,美國白宮在川習會結束當天馬上在白宮發布「事實清單」,明確列出談了哪些內容。
第二,列出消息來源。這可能是我們使用AI工具時最重要的一步。當我們用ChatGPT其他AI查新聞、政治與公共議題時,除了問「答案是什麼」,還要多問一句:「你的消息來源是哪裡?」並且不要停在AI列出的來源名稱,而是真的點進去看:「它到底引用了什麼樣的網站。」

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