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Back自由開講》AI把你的臉拿去造謠,刑法該管到哪裡?
自由開講》AI把你的臉拿去造謠,刑法該管到哪裡?
NEWS
自由时报3 hours agoOpinion6 min readChinaView translation

自由開講》AI把你的臉拿去造謠,刑法該管到哪裡?

行政院提出《刑法》妨害名譽章修正草案加重深偽處罰,但修法需釐清犯罪構成要件與言論自由界線。

Quick Look

行政院針對深偽技術侵害名譽提出《刑法》妨害名譽章修正草案增訂加重處罰。本文分析修法面臨的言論自由衝突、犯罪構成要件明確性、數位證據證明難題,強調法律必須在打擊科技侵害與保障言論間取得平衡。

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Why It Matters

行政院提出《刑法》妨害名譽章修正草案,針對利用網路或深偽技術侵害他人名譽增訂加重處罰規定。

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◎ 陳擷安

AI技術日新月異,讓偽造影像的成本快速下降。行政院因此提出《刑法》妨害名譽章修正草案,針對利用網路或深偽技術侵害他人名譽的情形增訂加重處罰規定。(資料照)

生成式AI讓偽造影像的成本快速下降,一張照片、一小段聲音,就可能被製作成當事人從未說過、從未做過的內容。行政院提出《刑法》妨害名譽章修正草案,針對利用網路或深偽技術侵害他人名譽的情形增訂加重處罰規定。這項修法有其現實背景。傳統誹謗可能是一段文字或一則傳言,深偽內容卻能製造高度逼真的「證據感」,傳播速度也遠高於過去。然而,刑法一旦介入言論領域,問題就不能只停留在「AI造假很可惡」。哪些深偽內容應受刑罰、哪些仍屬諷刺、創作或公共評論,仍須透過明確的犯罪構成要件劃出界線,否則打擊科技侵害的同時,也可能擴張國家處罰言論的範圍。

妨害名譽罪之所以特別困難,在於它處理的是兩種憲法權利的衝突。一方面,人民的名譽與人格受到法律保障;另一方面,言論自由又是民主社會形成公共意見的重要基礎。司法院過去處理誹謗罪時,已經反覆面對這項衝突。如今加入深偽技術,法律爭點更加複雜。假設有人製作政治人物唱歌跳舞的AI影片,畫面雖然完全虛構,觀看者卻明顯知道這是一則戲仿作品,與製作一段高度逼真的收賄影片並刻意讓社會相信是真實影像,法律評價顯然不同。刑法真正應該關注的因素,應包括內容是否足以使一般人誤認為真實、製作者是否具有欺騙意圖,以及內容是否足以貶損特定人的社會評價。單純使用AI或深偽技術,不宜直接成為犯罪成立的充分條件。

川普與幕僚娜塔莉哈普在高爾夫球場激吻的照片為AI偽造的深偽照片,仔細看可發現哈普的手指有6根。(擷取自X)

這也涉及刑法上的「最後手段性」。刑罰是國家最強烈的法律制裁,可以留下犯罪紀錄,甚至剝奪人身自由,因此通常應留給具有相當程度法益侵害的行為。深偽內容造成的損害也有程度差異:朋友之間製作一張明顯玩笑圖片、商業廣告未經同意使用名人肖像,以及刻意製作犯罪、性行為或收賄影片來摧毀他人名譽,不能只因為都使用生成式AI就接受相同的刑法評價。立法若要加重處罰,更應說明加重的基礎究竟來自傳播規模、內容逼真程度、侵害結果,還是行為人利用科技增加欺騙效果。刑度提高以後,構成要件也必須更加精確,這正是罪刑法定原則與法律明確性對刑事立法提出的要求。

另一個更實際的難題是證明。未來刑事案件不能看到一段疑似AI影片,就直接推定製作者具有誹謗故意。檢察官仍須證明被告的行為符合犯罪構成要件,包括內容由誰製作、由誰散布、是否指向特定被害人,以及行為人主觀上知道內容虛假仍有意傳播。生成式AI又可能經過多人修改、下載、轉傳,原始檔案甚至位於境外平台,電子證據的來源、完整性與同一性都可能成為法庭爭點。未來實務真正需要強化的,因此還包括數位鑑識、平台資料保存與電子證據調查能力。刑法條文寫得再重,如果無法證明究竟是誰製作、誰散布以及檔案是否遭到修改,最後仍可能停留在紙面威嚇。

生成式AI偽造影片,面對的更實際的難題是「證明」。未來刑事案件不能看到一段疑似AI影片,就直接推定製作者具有誹謗故意;示意圖。(法新社檔案照)

AI深偽確實改變了名譽侵害的規模與方式,刑法因應科技發展進行調整具有討論必要。然而,修法品質不能只用刑度高低衡量。更重要的是,把「深偽技術」轉化成可以由法院操作的法律標準,區分惡意欺騙、公共評論、戲仿創作與一般轉傳,也要保留行為人主觀故意及證據能力的審查。科技愈能製造真假難辨的內容,法律愈需要精確。否則,未來最大的問題可能變成,我們知道刑法要處罰深偽,卻不知道什麼樣的深偽才應該坐牢。刑法可以回應新的科技風險,但它最後仍應回到最傳統的原則:處罰一個人以前,國家必須把犯罪界線說清楚,也必須拿出足以證明犯罪的證據。

Open Questions

  • 修法草案何時提交立法院審議?
  • 未來如何具體界定深偽戲仿與惡意誹謗的法律分界?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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