
卵巢癌位置隐匿,早期症状与胃肠道疾病相似,易被忽视。我国卵巢癌发病率居女性生殖系统肿瘤第三位,病死率最高。高危人群包括有家族史、不育或晚绝经、吸烟肥胖及高脂饮食、40岁以上女性。专家建议定期妇科检查,高危人群应加强监测并考虑遗传咨询。
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卵巢癌因位置深藏且早期症状不明显,常被误认为消化系统疾病或月经不调,导致多数患者确诊时已属晚期。我国卵巢癌发病率居女性生殖系统肿瘤第三位,病死率最高。
中新网北京9月4日电(记者 赵方园)近期,不少人开始留意卵巢癌的相关话题。不同于筛查手段已经很成熟的宫颈癌、乳腺癌,卵巢癌位置隐匿,很容易被人们忽略。
根据国家卫生健康委员会发布的《卵巢癌诊疗指南(2022年版)》,在我国,卵巢癌年发病率居女性生殖系统肿瘤第3位,位于子宫颈癌和子宫体恶性肿瘤之后,呈逐年上升的趋势,而病死率位于女性生殖道恶性肿瘤之首。
中国医学科学院肿瘤医院妇科主任、中华医学会妇科肿瘤学分会常务委员李斌此前在接受中新健康采访时指出,卵巢癌因发病部位深藏腹腔、早期症状缺乏特异性,多数患者确诊时已属晚期。
腹胀、腰围变粗,也可能是卵巢在“报警”
李斌介绍,卵巢深藏盆腔,体积较小,早期病变难以通过常规妇科检查触及。更棘手的是,卵巢癌的早期症状与胃肠道疾病高度相似——腹胀、消化不良、食欲减退、腰围莫名增粗。这些表现容易被忽视或误认为消化系统疾病,部分患者还会将其误认为“腹型肥胖”或“月经不调”。
北京大学国际医院肿瘤中心副主任医师崔迪提醒,如果以下症状持续超过两周且逐渐加重,应及时到妇科就诊:
1.不明原因的腹胀、腹部膨隆或腹围进行性增大,腰围变粗、裤子变紧;
2.下腹部持续性隐痛或压迫感;
3.食欲下降、进食后易饱胀、消化不良;
4.尿频、尿急或排尿困难;
5.短期内体重明显下降、异常疲劳;
6.非经期阴道出血或月经突然紊乱。
卵巢囊肿≠卵巢癌,但巧克力囊肿需要警惕
不少女性体检发现卵巢囊肿后,第一反应是“会不会变成癌”。对此,崔迪解释,卵巢囊肿是女性生殖系统常见的良性病变,20至50岁女性最易发生,分为生理性和病理性两大类。
她介绍,生理性囊肿通常与月经周期相关,会自行消退;病理性囊肿中,大部分为良性,只需定期监测,必要时手术干预即可。但有一种囊肿需要警惕——卵巢巧克力囊肿,医学上称为卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿。它虽然是一种良性病变,多数情况下不会癌变,但具有类似恶性肿瘤的特点,如可能侵入周围组织、破坏正常结构,且治疗后存在复发风险,常见症状为痛经、月经改变、不孕。需要警惕的是,它存在较低的恶变风险(癌变率约1%),需密切观察和监测。
崔迪提醒,虽然并非所有卵巢囊肿都会发展成卵巢癌,但一旦囊肿增大,容易发生感染、蒂扭转、出血或破裂,同样不容忽视。
四类人群风险更高
综合国家卫健委《卵巢癌诊疗指南》及临床观察,以下人群属于卵巢癌高危人群:
一是有肿瘤家族史。如果一级亲属(母亲、姐妹)或二级亲属(姑妈、姨妈)患有卵巢癌,自身患病风险明显高于常人。知名演员安吉丽娜·朱莉,因检出BRCA1基因突变,乳腺癌、卵巢癌患病风险显著升高。在专业遗传咨询评估后,她先后接受双侧乳腺预防性切除、双侧卵巢及输卵管预防性切除手术。
二是不生育或绝经晚。临床研究表明,不生未育、长期不孕、晚育以及绝经晚的女性,因持续排卵时间较长,卵巢癌风险相对更高。
三是吸烟、肥胖、高脂饮食。不良生活方式和饮食习惯也会推高风险,其中吸烟、高脂饮食是明确的可控因素,肥胖同样与卵巢癌发病相关。
四是年龄因素。卵巢癌可发生于任何年龄,但40岁后发病率开始增高,55至64岁是最高发的年龄段。
李斌强调,部分卵巢癌具有家族遗传倾向,与BRCA1/2基因突变相关。BRCA1突变者约35岁起进入发病高风险期,BRCA2突变者约45岁起发病风险显著上升。“有卵巢癌、乳腺癌家族史、林奇综合征的女性应格外警惕,主动进行遗传咨询和基因检测。”
崔迪建议,普通女性每年进行一次妇科超声检查即可。对于BRCA1/2基因突变携带者等高危人群,建议从30至35岁起,每半年进行一次盆腔检查、经阴道超声和血清CA125联合筛查。有卵巢癌或乳腺癌家族史的女性,建议主动进行遗传咨询和基因检测,评估自身风险。(完)

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