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Back美國中期選舉:共和黨失去兩院,對華政策與對台軍售會轉向嗎?
美國中期選舉:共和黨失去兩院,對華政策與對台軍售會轉向嗎?
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BBC中文31 minutes agoPolitics10 min readChinaView translation

美國中期選舉:共和黨失去兩院,對華政策與對台軍售會轉向嗎?

民主黨在美國參眾兩院翻盤,特朗普第二任期將「跛腳」展開。多位專家分析選舉對美中關係、晶片限制及140億美元對台軍售的影響。

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美國中期選舉民主黨在參眾兩院翻盤,特朗普第二任期將在跛腳狀態下展開。選舉結果牽動美中關係、晶片限制及卡在特朗普手中的140億美元對台軍售案走向,專家分析政策大方向不變但國會監督將顯著加強。

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Why It Matters

美國中期選舉導致民主黨在參眾兩院勝出,特朗普第二任期面臨國會監督加強的局面。

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美國中期選舉結果出爐,民主黨在參眾兩院同時翻盤,共和黨總統特朗普(Donald Trump,又譯川普)的第二任期後半段將在「跛腳」狀態下展開。這場選舉不只改變華盛頓的權力版圖,也可能牽動美中關係與台灣議題的走向。

時機尤其敏感。11月18至19日,亞太經合組織(APEC)領導人峰會將在深圳舉行;12月中,特朗普與習近平還可能在邁阿密G20峰會再度會面。價值140億美元的對台軍售案正卡在特朗普手中,他今年5月曾公開稱這筆軍售是「很好的談判籌碼」。民主黨掌控國會後,出口管制、晶片限制與軍售節奏會否出現新的拉鋸,成為觀察焦點。

多位專家向BBC中文分析,美國兩黨在對華問題上的共識深厚,總統仍是政策主導者,大方向不會因國會易主而改變;真正的變化在於監督力度,民主黨將透過聽證會、傳票、《國防授權法》與撥款法案,嚴格審視特朗普與北京達成的貿易休戰。

與此同時,多位長期支持台灣的共和黨「台灣連線」議員落馬,也意味著台北必須重新經營與新生代民主黨議員的關係。

「政策不會改變,監督會變強」

美國智庫太平洋論壇(Pacific Forum)兼任研究員藍若思(Elizabeth Larus)向BBC中文表示,無論國會由哪個黨派掌握多數,美國對台灣的支持及對華政策都不會改變,兩黨都會試圖推動特朗普批准桌上那筆140億美元的對台軍售案。

「自1979年以來,每一任美國總統都維持了《台灣關係法》、『六項保證』以及美國的『一個中國』政策,這些都不會因為民主黨掌控國會而改變。」她說。

美國智庫德國馬歇爾基金會(German Marshall Fund, GMF)亞洲計畫主任葛來儀(Bonnie Glaser)預測,民主黨將掌控撥款程序與參議院議程,很可能在《國防授權法》(NDAA)與撥款法案中加入多項要求:加速交付已核准的對台武器、新的對外軍售(FMS)案件通報、對台使用外國軍事融資(FMF),以及台灣安全合作倡議(Taiwan Security Cooperation Initiative)資金。《六項保證法案》(Six Assurances Act)也可能獲得更多推進動能。

葛來儀還指出,民主黨大勝後,美國可能加強對中國取得先進晶片的限制,《安全晶片法案》(Safe Chips Act)有機會通過。但特朗普擁有否決權,民主黨票數不足以推翻,除非部分共和黨議員倒戈支持。

新加坡南洋理工大學公共政策與全球事務副教授駱明輝(Dylan Loh)對BBC中文表示:「美國對中國存在廣泛共識,整體關係的塑造仍主要由總統主導。」

新加坡獨立分析師鄧銘杰也不認為民主黨大勝會帶來更溫和的對華政策。兩大黨在出口管制、晶片限制與供應鏈措施上立場一致,實際變化在於監督力度:民主黨將透過聽證會與傳票,嚴格審視貿易休戰和「建設性戰略穩定」框架。

北京:把眼光放到特朗普之後

中國近年對特朗普的戰略,核心是「以經貿換穩定、以個人關係控風險」。第一任期時,北京透過貿易談判與大規模採購美國農產品,換取特朗普在台海議題上的相對克制。

專家認為,第二任期北京更進一步,把對台軍售直接納入美中高層談判,並以貿易休戰、稀土與供應鏈議題作為槓桿,試圖讓特朗普把台灣問題「交易化」。

習近平多次強調台灣是「最重要議題」,並在此前的峰會上要求美方明確反對台灣獨立,同時暗示穩定關係取決於限制對台支持。北京判斷特朗普重視交易成果多於長期承諾,因此採取「耐心施壓、避免正面衝突」的策略,等待他任期內的窗口,同時為「後特朗普」時期預做準備。

至於中期選舉本身,駱明輝認為,北京自然會關注結果,但不會過度在意誰勝誰負:無論牌局如何發展,中南海都會積極規劃,並把戰略目光放在特朗普任期結束之後。

140億美元軍售案:兩場峰會是關鍵節點

特朗普任內的對台軍售呈現「先放後卡」的節奏。第一任期他多次批准軍售,規模與頻率高於前任,涵蓋戰機、坦克與飛彈系統,並強化高層軍事交流;2025年12月,他更批准約111億美元的大規模軍售案,創下紀錄。

轉折出現在2026年初。涉及愛國者飛彈、雷達與指揮系統、用於台灣「T-Dome」防空體系的140億美元新案被長期擱置,特朗普在與習近平會談後持續延遲。

美國前外交官、捍衛民主基金會(Foundation for Defense of Democracies, FDD)中國項目主任辛格頓(Craig Singleton)本週在《紐約時報》投書警告,延遲對台軍售正在製造「危險的誤解」,「今天為避免摩擦而擱置,可能為明天更危險的對抗創造條件」。他認為,數十年來美中靠精心拿捏的語言和戰略模糊處理台灣問題,但如今習近平可能將延遲軍售解讀為華盛頓默認「穩定美中關係取決於限制對台支持」的前提。軍售拖得越久,北京越可能把未來任何推進視為背叛,反而引發特朗普試圖避免的不穩定。

除了軍售,美台在情報分享、聯合演訓、不對稱戰力與無人機上的合作仍在持續,但節奏受白宮與北京談判牽制。

第一個觀察點,鄧銘杰向BBC中文透露,有美國官員早前表示,此案被「拆包」成較小規模方案的機率已大幅上升;布魯金斯學會的何瑞恩(Ryan Hass)也預期,APEC與G20之後會出現較小規模的軍售案。

年底的《國防授權法》是第二個觀察點。參議院版本加入了對台戰爭儲備庫存,並將台灣納入涵蓋菲律賓的更廣泛「第一島鏈」倡議。鄧銘杰認為,這些條款能否在最終版本中保留,值得關注。

第三則是政治修辭。特朗普今年5月曾說他「不希望有人走向獨立」,若類似表述出現在深圳或邁阿密峰會的書面聲明中,將是真正的轉變。

「台灣連線」議員落馬,台北須重建關係網

此次選舉中,多位「台灣連線」的共和黨議員遭淘汰。這些友台議員長期推動對台軍售、加強軍事合作並監督行政部門,每年都有成員拜訪台灣;取而代之的,是許多首次進入眾議院的年輕民主黨人,他們對台灣乃至中國事務是否熟悉,都是問號。

台美關係研究社群「美國台灣觀測站」分析指出,勝選的新生代議員多數對國際議題鮮少著墨,或強調外交優先、減少軍事干預,民主黨內年輕「進步派」是否會走更多元的外交路線,值得觀察。

藍若思則提醒另一層矛盾:特朗普呼籲增加支出以重建美國海軍,應對中國海軍的擴張;但民主黨更關注「奶油」而非「槍砲」,民主黨主導的國會將優先擴大醫療補助與氣候政策等福利支出,進而壓縮國防預算,使軍事科技投資更難推動。

「美國台灣觀測站」也分析,從歷史經驗看,歷屆總統任期最後幾年常把重心轉向海外事務,白宮自今年4月起已開始盤點移民、關稅、住房等不需國會的行動,特朗普更自稱「否決先生」(Mr. Veto)。外交仍主要由行政權主導,因此即便特朗普「跛腳」,對台美關係影響有限。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • APEC與G20峰會後可能出現較小規模的對台軍售案

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 140億美元對台軍售案最終會否被拆包縮小?
  • 中美峰會是否會對台灣議題做出新的表述?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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