
江苏扬州消费者网购发菜后报警,警方查获野生发菜600多克,专家解读发菜为何成国家一级保护植物。
江苏消费者在网上购买发菜后怀疑其为野生发菜并报警。警方经查在宁夏扣押野生发菜600多克。专家指出,野生发菜实为发状念珠藻,属国家一级保护野生植物,大规模采挖严重破坏荒漠生态,售卖野生发菜涉嫌违法。
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发菜学名发状念珠藻,属于蓝细菌门。2001年被调整为国家一级重点保护野生植物,严禁采集、收购、加工和销售。
近日,“男子网购发菜发现是国保植物”的话题登上热搜。江苏扬州一名消费者在网上购买发菜后,收到产品后怀疑是野生发菜,于是报警。经鉴定,这批发菜属于国家一级保护野生植物。什么是发菜?可以食用吗?为什么它是国家一级保护野生植物?
最近,一种长得像头发的菜火了。火了并不是因为它多好吃,而是因为售卖它违法。近日,江苏一名消费者在网上购买了发菜。他怀疑这是野生发菜,更重要的是,他知道野生发菜不允许售卖,所以报了警。警方深挖彻查,在宁夏找到了网店经营人丁某,现场扣押野生发菜600多克。江苏省扬州市经开区法院大运河环境资源庭法官魏继霞介绍,野生发菜是国家一级重点保护野生植物。
魏继霞:平时我们买到的发菜大多是海发菜或者是利用藻类原料合成的仿发菜,这些都可以正常食用。但是本案的被告人所采挖、收购、销售的发菜长在西北荒漠草原,是国家一级重点保护野生植物。
发菜的学名叫发状念珠藻,虽然名字里带着一个“菜”字,但它并不是植物,而是一种细菌,属于蓝细菌门。由于这类细菌能够进行光合作用,而且许多种类生活在水中,因此过去也被习惯地称为“蓝藻”。
中国科学院植物研究所副研究员刘冰介绍,发菜的本体非常小,是肉眼不可见的单细胞原核生物,许多细胞连接在一起,组成串珠状的丝状群体生活,就形成了肉眼可见的群生体。
刘冰:它属于蓝藻里边的念珠藻的一种,蓝藻是能够光合作用的一类细菌,它是属于细菌界的,严格来讲,它不是植物。蓝藻能够由很多单个的细胞聚集成一个集合体,变得肉眼可见的状态。但是它们各自之间是独立生活的。
在我国,发菜主要产于内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃、青海、陕西的干旱和半干旱地区。刘冰进一步表示,发菜有一些“亲戚”是我们熟知的食物,比如:地皮菜、葛仙米等,它们的分布范围更广。
刘冰:我们更常见的一种就是它的“亲戚”叫作普通念珠藻。那就是咱们民间说的地皮菜,不光西北,东北、华北、西南都有可能生长。地皮菜不像发菜那样“一根丝一根丝的”,它是长成了球形的块状,或者有时候长得像木耳。那个就是比发菜的野外量更多、更常见。它不属于国家保护野生植物。
为什么地皮菜、葛仙米可以正常食用,发菜却是需要被保护的国家一级重点保护野生植物呢?这与它长得像头发丝的样子有关。发菜因为谐音“发财”,成为一些地区颇受欢迎的食材。发菜曾一度成为价格较高的食材,也导致了我国西北部分地区的大规模采挖活动。但是,刘冰指出,发菜的采挖并不像采摘地皮菜那么简单。
刘冰:采集普通念珠藻的时候,用手捡就可以了。但是发菜它贴着地面,收集它就不好捡。很多人采的时候可能就拿个耙子或者拿个铲子,直接连地面上跟它一块生长的苔藓、土壤都弄下来了,这样的话就破坏了荒漠地区的环境,造成水土流失。
发菜被称为“戈壁之珍”,具有固氮能力,可为土壤提供天然氮肥,并且耐高温、寒冷,抗旱能力很强,对荒漠可以起到防风固沙的作用。大规模采挖发菜不仅破坏荒漠环境,也导致发菜越挖越少。
江苏省扬州市经开区法院大运河环境资源庭法官魏继霞指出:如果对这类发菜进行大面积采挖,就会严重破坏草原表土和植被根系,导致草原退化、土地沙化,破坏当地脆弱的荒漠草原生态系统,加剧沙尘暴。
2000年,国务院发布通知,明确要求禁止采集发菜,取缔发菜及其制品的收购、加工和销售。2001年,相关部门进一步将发菜的保护级别由国家二级调整为国家一级。2021年公布的新版《国家重点保护野生植物名录》中,发菜仍被列为国家一级保护野生植物。
既然是保护野生植物,为什么网上还有售卖?记者在网购平台搜索“发菜”发现,大多是售卖长相与发菜类似的海发菜,而海发菜属于红藻,主要生长在温带和热带的海洋里,我国沿海地区有人工养殖,产量大、获取容易。个别商家或许打着海发菜的旗号,售卖野生发菜。要特别强调的是,采挖售卖野生发菜违法,需承担刑事责任与生态赔偿。
针对消费者,中国科学院植物研究所副研究员刘冰提醒:食用野生的动植物本来就是有一定风险的。在自己不了解的情况下,最好是尽量少食用野生的东西,再一个,实在想吃就吃地皮菜,口味也差不多,它里边的化学成分构成是差不多的,对于我们人体来说,营养成分也是差不多的。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
司法机关将依法对涉案被告人追究刑事责任与生态赔偿。
Very likely · Within months

The Meteorological Administration pointed out that before the 20th, it will be cloudy to sunny in various places, and the high temperature will be 35 degrees. Moderate typhoon Qiangpi will become stronger as soon as tonight and is expected to arrive off the eastern coast of Taiwan on the 22nd. Its subsequent path may turn north or westward through Taiwan, and its movement has attracted much attention.

On October 17, large-scale rain and snow in China entered its strongest period. There will be heavy to heavy rains rarely seen in this period in the north, and there will be local blizzards or heavy snowstorms in northeastern Inner Mongolia and northwest Heilongjiang. Affected by frequent cold air, temperatures in the north will frequently reach new lows, and Jiangnan and other places will also experience significant cooling around the 21st.

The Singapore-based ASEAN Specialised Meteorological Centre activated Alert Level 3 for the Southern ASEAN region due to ongoing fires in Indonesia causing widespread transboundary haze, which has disrupted daily life across Southeast Asia by closing schools and increasing respiratory illnesses.

Typhoon "Qiangpi" intensified into a moderate typhoon early this morning. The forecast indicates that it will continue to intensify into a strong typhoon in the future. Next Thursday (22nd) will be a key turning point. It needs to be observed whether it turns north or directly attacks Taiwan. Forecaster Zhang Chengchuan of the Meteorological Administration said that the strengthening of the northeast monsoon next week will bring local short-lived showers. Next Friday, the outer circulation of Typhoon Qiangbi will affect the northern and northeastern areas of Taiwan, with showers, and there will also be local short-lived showers in the east and southeast. The actual extent of the impact still depends on the degree of the typhoon's northward turn or its distance from Taiwan. The current pressure at the center of Typhoon Qiangpit is 950 hPa. The center is located at 12.3 degrees north latitude and 148.5 degrees east longitude, that is, on the sea 3120 kilometers southeast of Eluanbi. It moves westward at a speed of 24 rpm and 20 kilometers per hour. The maximum wind speed near the center is 40 meters per second, which is equivalent to Category 13 winds. The radius of Category 7 storm winds is 180 kilometers and the radius of Category 10 storm winds is 80 kilometers.

Meteorology expert "Taiwan Typhoon Forum | Weather Emergency" released an eye-opening photo of Typhoon Qiangpi, pointing out that its core structure is becoming more and more solid and its intensity continues to increase. It is expected to become a strong typhoon tomorrow. Qiangpi intensified into a moderate typhoon at 2 a.m. today, and satellite cloud images showed a small typhoon eye in the center.

Lin De'en, a doctor of atmospheric sciences at National Taiwan University, pointed out that Taiwan will still continue to have high temperatures in mid-October, with high temperatures reaching 32 to 35 degrees in the western half, and may soar above 36 degrees in the mountainous and inland areas of central and southern China. People are reminded to protect themselves from the sun and replenish water. Starting from the 21st, the northeast monsoon will strengthen, and the temperature will drop significantly in some areas. At the same time, pay attention to the development of the mild typhoon "Qiangbi" in the east of Guam.