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Back北京启动空气重污染橙色预警 如何科学防护?
北京启动空气重污染橙色预警 如何科学防护?
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中国新闻网20 minutes agoEnvironment5 min readChinaView translation

北京启动空气重污染橙色预警 如何科学防护?

京津冀及周边地区受不利气象条件影响,预计11日至14日将出现中度至重度空气污染过程。

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北京市于11日0时启动空气重污染橙色预警。受环流、风场及水汽三重因素影响,京津冀及周边地区大气扩散条件转差,预计11日至14日将出现区域性空气污染,部分地区可达重度污染水平。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

京津冀及周边地区受不利气象条件影响,大气扩散条件转差导致污染物堆积。

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北京市于11日0时启动空气重污染橙色预警。根据空气质量预报情况,受不利气象条件影响,京津冀及周边地区将发生一次区域性空气污染过程。预计11日至14日,北京市空气质量可能达到4级中度污染,部分地区、部分时段达到5级重度污染。

同时,中央气象台11日6时发布环境气象公报,11日至14日,华北中南部、黄淮西部等地大气扩散条件逐渐转差,部分地区有轻至中度霾,局地重度霾。

中国气象局高级工程师周丽贤表示,从气象成因来看,这一轮扩散条件变差,是环流、风场、水汽三重因素叠加带来的结果。

首先,在环流形势上,华北、黄淮处在高压后部,盛行偏南风,还伴随下沉气流。下沉气流一方面压住上升运动,污染物失去向上扩散的通道;另一方面,高空暖空气下沉到低层,近地面形成下冷上暖的逆温层。逆温层就像一个盖子,把污染物封在几百米到1000米的浅层空间里,很难向外扩散。

同时,由于气压梯度小,近地面风速很弱,夜间经常接近静风。偏南风持续把河南中东部、河北南部的污染物向北输送,污染物就在华北平原中南部堆积;南风与北风在区域中部辐合,风速进一步变小,污染物浓度也在短时间出现明显的跳升。

此外,水汽也在“帮倒忙”。偏南风输送水汽,加上前期雨雪过后地面潮湿,空气中的颗粒物吸湿变大,挡光能力变强,能见度和PM2.5同步恶化。这时的低能见度,已经不只是干霾,还有吸湿形成的雾滴。

“这种静稳、高湿、逆温的状态,一旦建立,污染就会自我强化。所以单靠自然界的力量就很难打破,必须要等一股实力足够强的冷空气过来,才能真正清扫雾和霾。”周丽贤说。

周丽贤介绍,想要打破静稳天气、驱散霾,核心是恢复大气的通风和稀释能力,主要依靠冷空气。冷空气主要干三件事情:首先是平流稀释,冷空气带来的偏北风把清洁干冷的空气送进来,替换掉污染气团;第二是动力混合,冷空气带来的大风产生强湍流,边界层抬高,污染物从浅层扩散到更厚的空间;最后就是除湿,干冷空气让湿度快速下降。颗粒物失去吸湿增长的条件,能见度改善往往比浓度下降还要快。

不过,冷空气也有“门槛”,需要达到一定强度、维持足够时长,才能彻底清场。周丽贤表示,如果风太小、路径偏东或者持续时间短,只会把污染物向南推移,出现“北边变好、南边变差”的情况。此外,冷空气过后如果快速回暖、风向转回南风,污染物很容易再次聚集,出现“清两天、回一天”的反复。

在这种气象条件下,周丽贤也提醒,儿童、老人、孕妇,以及哮喘、冠心病、高血压等慢性病患者,尽量留在室内、关好门窗;普通人减少户外活动,避免长跑、骑行这类剧烈户外运动。因为霾在夜间、清晨偏重,午后相对轻,如果必须外出,尽量安排在午后,出门佩戴KN95、N95口罩。

如果在低能见度下驾车,还要开启雾灯、减速、拉大跟车距离,优先选择公共交通出行。一旦出现持续咳嗽、胸闷、气短、心悸等不适,要及时就医。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 11日至14日北京市空气质量可能达到4级中度污染,部分地区达到5级重度污染。

    Likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 冷空气何时能彻底清除雾霾?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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