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Back円安・長期金利、歴史的水準に 看板政策「積極財政」に修正圧力―高市政権発足1年
円安・長期金利、歴史的水準に 看板政策「積極財政」に修正圧力―高市政権発足1年
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時事通信3 days agoBusiness3 min readJapanView translation

円安・長期金利、歴史的水準に 看板政策「積極財政」に修正圧力―高市政権発足1年

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高市政権発足から1年が経過し、看板政策の「責任ある積極財政」が国債増発とインフレ加速への懸念から歴史的な円安と長期金利高騰を引き起こした。米国のベセント財務長官は円安・債券安への懸念から日米通貨当局による協調円買い介入を主導し、日銀の早期利上げを繰り返し要求。政権は市場の信認回復のため「財政の持続可能性」を強調し、来年度予算編成に向け国債発行抑制を目指すが、消費税減税や防衛費増額など巨額の財源ニーズがハードルを高めている。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

高市政権は昨年10月に発足し、看板政策として「責任ある積極財政」を掲げた。これにより財政出動と金融緩和を組み合わせた成長戦略を推進してきたが、市場からはインフレと円安への懸念が強まっていた。

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高市政権の発足から21日で1年を迎える。看板政策「責任ある積極財政」が、国債増発とインフレ加速につながるとの懸念から、歴史的な円安と長期金利高騰を誘発した。金融市場の動揺を抑えるため、政権から「財政の持続可能性」を重視する発言も増えた。ただ、市場の信認確保には、年末の予算編成に向け、国債発行の抑制や財源確保など、試練が待ち受ける。

高市首相、経済成長を追求 「財政の持続可能性」連呼―所信表明演説

市場は、高市早苗首相が積極的な財政出動と金融緩和で高成長を目指す「リフレ」政策を志向すると受け止め、その経済財政運営に懸念を強めてきた。昨年10月の政権発足時に1ドル=151円台だった円相場は、今年7月下旬に約39年半ぶりとなる164円目前まで急落。長期金利の指標となる10年物国債利回りも発足時の1.6%台から9月下旬に約30年ぶりとなる3.115%まで急伸した。

7月に経済財政運営と改革の基本方針「骨太の方針」を決定する過程では、日銀の利上げへのけん制と受け止められる原案の記述が、日本国債売りを招く「骨太ショック」にも発展した。

高市政権の経済政策にいら立ちを募らせたのがベセント米財務長官だ。円安・債券安という「日本売り」が米国債売りに波及するのを懸念。日米通貨当局は7月末に28年ぶりとなる協調円買い介入に踏み切った。

日本に救いの手を差し伸べたベセント氏は、その見返りを求めるように、日銀の早期利上げを繰り返し要求。9月1日の記者会見では、日本に対し「リフレ政策を終えるべきだ」と伝えたと説明した。9月22日の日米首脳会談でもトランプ大統領が円安への懸念を表明した。

米国の圧力をかわすため、政権は「リフレ政策」否定に躍起だ。城内実経済財政担当相は「リフレ政策が必要な局面ではない」と軌道修正。首相も臨時国会での所信表明演説で「正攻法で市場の政府に対する信頼を高めていく」と強調した。

来年度予算では消費税減税や成長投資、防衛費増額に巨額の財源手当てが必要となる。政権は新規国債発行額を前年度並みの40兆円程度に抑える方針だが、ハードルは高い。財源確保が進まず、国債増発につながれば、再び市場の洗礼を浴びる恐れがある。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 来年度予算編成において、国債発行額の抑制が試みられるが、財源不足により再び市場の懸念が高まる可能性がある

    Likely · Within months

  • 米国からの円安懸念に対する圧力は続き、日米通貨当局による協調介入の可能性が残る

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 来年度予算で消費税減税と防衛費増額を実現しつつ国債発行を抑制する具体的な財源対策は何か
  • 日銀の利上げタイミングと規模はどのように決定されるか
  • 米国からの円安懸念が今後も継続するかどうか

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