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Back川普關稅想逼製造業回流,為何台灣企業仍押注墨西哥?外媒這麼說
川普關稅想逼製造業回流,為何台灣企業仍押注墨西哥?外媒這麼說
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness2 min readChinaView translation

川普關稅想逼製造業回流,為何台灣企業仍押注墨西哥?外媒這麼說

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美國總統川普試圖透過關稅將製造業拉回美國本土,但台積電在亞利桑那州投資晶圓廠,而台灣四大製造業巨頭富士康、英業達、緯創和和碩則在墨西哥華雷斯城佈局伺服器生產,形成高階晶片在美國、伺服器在墨西哥的分工。外媒指出,數十年美墨供應鏈整合已形成深層經濟邏輯,關稅政策難以改變既有產業格局,墨西哥對美出口持續增長,AI伺服器需求帶動其成為美國最大貿易夥伴,顯示企業對長期供應鏈需求的押注可能比短期貿易政策更具持久性。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國總統川普上任後提高對墨西哥等國家的進口關稅,試圖透過貿易政策將製造業吸引回美國本土。同時,中美貿易緊張局勢促使部分亞洲供應鏈向墨西哥轉移。台積電宣布在美國亞利桑那州投資建設多座晶圓廠,而台灣傳統代工廠則在墨西哥華雷斯城擴大伺服器生產規模。

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〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕當美國總統川普試圖透過關稅想把製造業拉回美國本土,台積電大舉投資美國亞利桑那州廠,但台灣企業卻向美墨邊境兩側布局,正在北美形成另一幅產業地圖。外媒直言,美國政府試圖透過關稅將製造業引回美國的努力只能起到有限的作用,其關鍵是有些經濟模式根深蒂固,即使是川普也很難扭轉,這是他無法重新繪製的地圖。

外媒表示,如果說華雷斯城的崛起是由美國企業推動的,那麼目前的繁榮就屬於台灣企業。隨著中美貿易緊張局勢加劇,大量企業將依賴亞洲低成本勞動力的工廠「近岸外包」至墨西哥。如今,台灣四大製造業巨頭:富士康、英業達、緯創和和碩,都在華雷斯城設有營運機構。

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文中指出,台灣製造商將部分原本依賴亞洲低成本勞動力的產能移往墨西哥,轉向生產AI與雲端伺服器;而在邊境另一側,台積電則計畫在美國亞利桑那州興建多座大型晶圓廠。這種「高階晶片在美國、伺服器在墨西哥」的分工,也凸顯關稅政策面對既有供應鏈時,能改變的範圍可能有限。

這些台灣廠商最初主要生產iPhone、Dell電腦等產品,但近年隨AI與雲端運算需求爆發,工廠開始轉向伺服器。根據地方官員、現任及前任員工與州政府資料,這些工廠目前生產供Google、Amazon、Microsoft等公司資料中心使用的伺服器,並利用《美墨加協定》(USMCA)進入美國市場。

目前墨西哥供應美國進口電腦伺服器超過3分之1,去年運算科技更成為墨西哥最大出口項目。

與此同時,台灣企業也向美國投資。台積電計畫在亞利桑那州投入2650億美元(約新台幣8.4兆元)興建大型晶圓廠。文章指出,當美國集中發展高階晶片製造時,墨西哥多年累積的製造與物流基礎,則適合生產伺服器等互補型電子產品。

墨西哥的重要性也持續上升。2024年,墨西哥超越加拿大成為美國最大貿易夥伴;2026年前7個月,墨西哥對美商品出口年增16%,逼近3590億美元。AI資料中心快速擴張,更進一步推升伺服器需求。

不過,美國政府同時希望降低貿易逆差並把製造業帶回國內。自川普上任以來,美國進口商品平均關稅已由2.1%升至接近10%,墨西哥汽車、鋼鐵與鋁也受到新關稅影響。但2025年3月,美國對墨西哥與加拿大商品加徵25%關稅後,因企業反彈與股市下跌,數日後即豁免符合USMCA規則的產品,而這些產品約占墨西哥輸美商品5分之4。

文章認為,美墨供應鏈經過數十年整合,已形成自己的經濟邏輯。美國AI資料中心依賴華雷斯供應伺服器,農業、汽車、醫療器材等產業也深度連結兩國市場。華雷斯目前仍有新的高科技工廠持續興建,顯示企業正在押注:美國經濟對這些供應鏈的需求,可能比短期貿易政策更持久。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 墨西哥對美國的伺服器出口將在未來12個月內繼續增長,年增率可能維持在兩位數。

    Likely · Within months

  • 台積電在亞利桑那州的晶圓廠將在未來24個月內開始部分產線試產。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美國關稅政策的長期走向將如何影響台積電在美投資的成本效益?
  • 墨西哥伺服器產能是否能持續滿足美國科技巨頭對AI基礎設施的需求?
  • 台灣企業在美墨兩地的分工佈局是否會隨USMCA續約或貿易談判結果而調整?

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