
中央氣象署推出可重複使用的無人機觀測系統及僅重34公克的微型探空儀器,無人機可每小時飛行觀測,微型探空則因成本低可提高施放密度,兩者補足傳統探空不足,讓預報員更精準掌握從地面到高空的大氣變化。
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中央氣象署原有氣象觀測網包括有人站、自動氣象站、自動雨量站及高空氣象觀測站,近年逐步納入無人機與微型探空等新工具以補強觀測不足。
想知道天空不同高度有多冷、風有多強,不再只能等探空氣球升空。中央氣象署近年發展無人機及僅重34公克的「微型探空」觀測系統,無人機可以反覆起降,必要時甚至每小時飛一次;微型探空則因體積小、成本較低,可提高施放密度,與傳統探空互相補位,讓預報員更細緻掌握從地面到高空的大氣變化。
氣象署辦理氣象實務研習班,大氣觀測組科長林昆緯介紹,氣象觀測網除了有人站、自動氣象站、自動雨量站及高空氣象觀測站外,也逐步納入無人機與微型探空等新工具,目前規劃有2套無人機觀測系統及10套微型探空觀測系統,其中微型探空第一期先建置6套。
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林昆緯表示,傳統探空儀隨氣球升空後屬一次性使用,無人機卻可以飛回來再出發,有需要時甚至可以每小時觀測一次,因此能看到更細密的大氣變化。不過無人機也有極限,目前飛行高度約3000公尺,傳統探空則可以飛得更高,因此不是「新儀器取代舊儀器」,而是依不同天氣現象與任務需求,選擇最適合的觀測工具。
氣象無人機身上的裝備也不簡單。林昆緯表示,Aeromount氣象微感測器可觀測氣溫、濕度、氣壓、PM2.5及風向風速,感測元件必須經實驗室標準件校正,還要與觀測塔、剖風儀、探空儀進行平行比對;外殼也經特殊設計,以降低風壓、太陽輻射等因素對觀測準確度的干擾。
另一項新武器「微型探空」更迷你,重量僅34公克,約15公分長,可測量溫度、濕度、氣壓、風向及風速,並以LoRa傳輸資料,定位系統支援GPS、GLONASS、Galileo及北斗等系統。 林昆緯表示,由於重量輕,不需要使用大型氣球,施放成本較低,因此可以增加觀測地點及次數,補足傳統高空觀測不足。
為了減少人力負擔,氣象觀測也走向「無人化」。無人機可自動出艙、起飛、觀測、降落,返回機艙後再進行充電等作業;微型探空系統則可自動取用儀器、填充及釋放。
林昆緯表示,氣象觀測沒有一種儀器可以包辦所有工作,無人機勝在飛得勤、傳統探空可以飛得高,微型探空則可增加觀測密度,讓不同「空中偵察兵」各司其職,才能拼出更完整的立體天空。
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