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Back學者李忠憲:政治人物人格固重要,制度才是最後防線
學者李忠憲:政治人物人格固重要,制度才是最後防線
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自由时报1 hour agoPolitics2 min readChinaView translation

學者李忠憲:政治人物人格固重要,制度才是最後防線

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民進黨台北市長參選人沈伯洋在西門町舉辦互動活動時,針對市民擔憂『選前期望、選後失望』的問題,強調會維持初衷並接受批評。學者李忠憲指出,沈伯洋回答中較重要的是制度層面的思考,認為民主政治不應依賴政治人物人格永不改變的假設,而應建立制度讓貪污、腐敗等行為難以發生,強調自我反省與外在監督同樣重要。

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Why It Matters

沈伯洋為民進黨台北市長參選人,近期在西門町舉辦實體互動活動,面對市民對政治人物『選前期望、選後失望』的擔憂發表看法。學者李忠憲在社群平台發文評論其回應,強調制度設計在防止政治腐敗中的重要性。

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民進黨台北市長參選人沈伯洋23日晚間快閃西門町,舉辦「市長,你給我聽好了!」實體互動肥皂箱活動,面對市民擔憂「選前期望、選後失望」,他強調會努力維持初衷,過去也禁得起檢驗,若未來偏離對國家信念與個人價值,請大家用力批評。對此,學者李忠憲表示,覺得沈伯洋回答裡比較重要的,其實不是「請相信我的人格」,而是後面談制度的部分。他強調應該建立制度與規範,讓貪污、腐敗、特權、利益衝突這些事情不容易發生。這兩種回答看起來差不多,背後卻是兩種完全不同的思考。

李忠憲在臉書PO文表示,有一個民眾問沈伯洋一個問題:台灣這些年來,大家其實一直有一種共同的困惑,我們本來對一個政治人物期待很高,後來會不會又失望?貪污、腐敗、享受特權,甚至核心價值徹底改變,這幾年我們常常看到這樣的事情,也一次又一次經歷那種被政治人物背叛的感覺,所以這個問題表面上是在問沈伯洋,其實問的是一個更大的問題:今天我們相信一個人,幾年以後會不會再一次失望?

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李忠憲指出,沈伯洋說,這是當天最難回答的一個問題。覺得有趣的是他的回答有兩個層次。第一個當然是他過去的人格養成、生命經驗和專業訓練,也就是說,你可以從一個人的過去去判斷他未來可能成為什麼樣的人,很多政治人物遇到這種問題,大概也會這樣回答:你要相信我,我過去如何如何,我一路走來堅持什麼,我的人格可以證明我將來不會變,真正有意思的反而是:一個人到底有沒有能力監督自己?但沈伯洋回答裡比較重要的,其實不是「請相信我的人格」,而是後面談制度的部分。他強調應該建立制度與規範,讓貪污、腐敗、特權、利益衝突這些事情不容易發生。這兩種回答看起來差不多,背後卻是兩種完全不同的思考,第一種問的是:「我們怎麼找到一個好人來掌握權力?」第二種問的是:「如果這個好人有一天變了,怎麼辦?」

李忠憲續指,從古典共和主義到現代民主政治,這一直都是很重要的問題。我們當然希望政治人物有德性、有節制、有責任感、有公共精神,但一個成熟的政治制度,不能把整個國家的命運寄託在少數人的人格上,因為人會改變,環境會改變,利益會改變,權力也會改變一個人。民主制度真正重要的地方,不是它可以保證我們永遠選到聖人,而是它根本不需要假設掌權的人是聖人,這就是制度存在的理由。我們當然希望政治人物是好人,但是政治更重要的問題不是「這個人現在是不是好人」,而是「如果有一天這個人變了,我們有沒有辦法限制他?」好的制度應該讓貪污的成本很高,讓利益衝突必須揭露,讓權力受到監督,讓違法可以被調查,讓特權不容易藏起來,換句話說,我們真正需要的不是一個永遠不會變壞的人,而是一個即使人變壞了,也沒有那麼容易做壞事的制度。所以那位民眾問沈伯洋「你以後會不會變」,其實沒有人能夠真正回答。

李忠憲分析,不要說沈伯洋,我們每一個人都沒有辦法替十年後的自己作保。真正應該問的是:如果有一天他真的變了,制度能不能制約他?如果我們今天支持的任何政治人物,有一天背叛了自己的承諾,我們有沒有能力調查他、限制他,最後把權力收回來?人格當然重要,但制度不能建立在人格永遠不變的假設上。人格是第一道防線,制度才是最後一道防線,看到有人批評沈伯洋很自戀,李忠憲對這種人格判斷其實沒有太大的興趣,優秀、聰明、自信的人,有時候的確容易給別人這樣的感覺,但比較在意的是他的回答裡透露出來另外一件事情:「他會害怕自己。」

李忠憲補充,這件事情的確不是那麼容易,覺得這是一個掌握權力的人很重要的特質,真正危險的未必是知道自己可能犯錯的人,而是相信自己永遠正確,所以覺得監督、程序和制度都是多餘的人。聰明和優秀的人最困難的地方,不是能夠做出多傑出的表現,而是有沒有辦法自我反省。

李忠憲點出,自我反省是內在的制度,民主制度則是外在的自我反省。一個真正有反省能力的人,不會因為相信自己是好人,就認為自己不需要被監督;相反,正因為知道自己也是人,知道自己可能犯錯、可能替自己找理由、可能在權力裡慢慢變成另外一個人,所以才願意接受制度限制自己,也許不是我們終於找到一個「永遠不會讓我們失望的人」,而是我們終於不再期待找到這樣的人。政治的目的不是尋找一個永遠值得相信的人,而是建立一套制度,即使有一天我們信錯了人,那個人也沒有那麼容易作惡。

李忠憲直言,與其問:「我能不能永遠相信這個政治人物?」現在更願意問:「當有一天我不再相信他的時候,我們的制度還能不能保護我們?」也許這才是那位民眾真正問出的問題,也是民主政治最難回答的問題。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 沈伯洋若當選台北市長,其施政將受到公眾對貪污腐敗防制的關注

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 沈伯洋是否具體提出哪些制度設計來防止貪污腐敗?
  • 李忠憲所指的『制度與規範』是否具體指哪些法律或機制?
  • 台北市長選舉中其他候選人是否也有類似制度思考?

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