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Back扩大内需仍需公共投资挑大梁
扩大内需仍需公共投资挑大梁
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中国新闻网1 hour agoBusiness11 min readChinaView translation

扩大内需仍需公共投资挑大梁

专家解读当前投资形势与底层逻辑

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中国社科院世经政所副所长张斌撰文指出,扩大内需的关键是用强有力的公共投资打破收支和预期负向循环。我国公共投资空间广阔,举债增加公共投资并不会放大债务风险,反而运用得当可降低债务风险。

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Why It Matters

文章回顾了1998年、2008年及2015年通过公共投资化解需求不足的历史经验。

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当前,海内外高度关注中国投资走势。如何看待当前投资形势,投资底层逻辑又有哪些深刻变化?三里河推出权威专家系列解读,把脉投资大势,回应市场关切。今日刊发中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所副所长张斌的署名文章《扩大内需仍需公共投资挑大梁》。

扩大内需的关键是要用强有力的外部力量,打破收入、支出、预期和信贷之间的负向循环。从我国过去的经验来看,行之有效的办法是通过扩大政府公共投资,在短期内大幅提高企业和居民收入,成功打破了负向循环,让市场重新恢复到正常轨道。这些公共投资不仅扩大了内需,对未来的民生改善、产业升级、生态环境保护都发挥了关键支撑作用,是铸就中国经济奇迹的重要力量。时至今日,公共投资依然大有可为,不仅能够在扩大内需中挑大梁,也能对未来发展夯实根基。以举债方式增加公共投资并不会放大债务风险,运用得当反而会降低债务风险。

公共投资是扩大内需的关键外部引导力量。

内需不足环境下,企业、居民、政府的收入增长放缓,都节省开支。这样就容易形成负向循环:一个主体节省的开支,对应的是另一个主体收入的下降;每个主体都节省开支,对应的是全社会收入的下降,而且这种局面会形成自我放大的负向循环。这是典型的市场失灵表现,凭借市场自发力量难以解决。扩大内需,关键就是要用外部引导力量,打破这种负向循环,帮助市场回到正常轨道,恢复市场活力。

公共投资就是打破负向循环的关键外部引导力量。需求不足环境下,公共投资有两个市场自发力量不具备的特征:一是公共投资由政府独立决策,不必受到收入下降就缩减开支的常规市场逻辑制约;二是公共投资可以在短期内以较大规模形成支出,以此在短期内大幅提高企业和居民收入,以强有力的方式扭转市场自发的下行力量。从历史经验来看,1998年我国通过大力推进以全国高速公路网络为代表的基础设施建设,帮助经济走出需求不足;2008年我国通过4万亿元基础设施投资政策,帮助中国经济在全球金融危机中率先实现V型反弹;2015年我国通过支持棚户区改造,带动房地产和信贷回升,走出需求不足局面。

当公共投资大幅提升以后,全社会收入增长显著回升,劳动者收入和消费也随之显著提高。从历史经验来看,公共投资和消费并非此消彼长,而是相互带动和促进作用。需求不足环境下,以公共投资修复市场失灵,帮助市场重新恢复活力,恰恰是帮助劳动者收入和消费增长效果最显著的药方。

我国公共投资空间广阔,大有可为。

我国在电力和燃气、铁路、公路、机场、港口码头等基础设施方面有大量投资并取得长足进步,很多领域已经接近发达国家水平甚至超过了发达国家水平。但这并不意味着公共投资已经没有空间了。为了改善民生、产业升级和生态环境保护,我国在公共投资领域要做的还有很多。

增量层面上,我国在教育、文化、体育、地下网管、城市道路等公共领域的投资还有很大空间。我国百万人平均拥有的图书馆、博物馆、体育场地等落后于发达国家水平。我国地级以上城市城区有1.1亿流动人口难以在常住地安居,当地政府缺少相应的保障性住房以及各种教育和医疗配套服务,这背后有大量的公共投资缺口。

存量层面上,我国一直以来更看重增量建设,对于存量的维护、修缮和重建重视不够。经过几十年的建设,我国已经形成了庞大规模的公共基础设施存量。这些设施中的相当一部分在安全、有效、便捷等方面有极大提升的余地,需要大量的新增投资让这些基础设施更好发挥功能。

公共投资的特点是解决那些普通老百姓和企业需要,但是想花钱都难以解决的问题。只要仔细观察,我们日常生活中这样的问题还有很多。本着服务民生、服务企业的心思去想工作,不愁没有项目可以投,没有事情可以做。

政府没有过度举债,举债增加公共投资不等于增加债务风险。

国际经验显示,过去二十年发达经济体全社会新增债务中,政府新增债务占比约为49%,其中美国达到58%,日本达到74%;相比之下,中国政府新增债务占比约为34%。这里的政府债务采用国际清算银行(BIS)的政府债务口径,不仅包括法定政府债务,也包括部分地方政府隐性债务。从中国政府债务受市场欢迎的程度看,国内外投资者对其安全性给予了较高评价,说明市场并未普遍担心政府整体债务的可持续性。一些地方政府隐性债务难以为继,但这并不意味着政府整体上已经过度举债。

经过多轮对地方政府隐性债务置换和化解,地方政府隐性债务规模显著下降,但是存量仍然较大,很多地方凭借地方政府自身财力难以偿还债务本金利息。通过加大公共投资和降低政策利率在内的逆周期政策,修复市场失灵,恢复市场自身的活力,可以通过提高地方政府税收和土地出让收入、提高平台公司收入及其持有资产估值、降低债务融资成本等多个渠道,缓解地方政府平台公司的债务压力。假以时日,至少在人口流入和经济较发达地区,地方政府隐性债务困境有望得到缓解。

出于对宏观杠杆率过高的担心,一种想法是尽量减少举债,这样就能够降低债务率,降低债务风险。对于居民或者企业个体而言,这么做大致正确,因为减少举债规模可能不会影响到收入增长,债务率下降。但是对于一个国家,情况完全不是这样,全社会的债务增速下降,一般情况下都会对应着全社会的收入增速下降,债务率可能不降反升。2002至2025年期间,我国债务增速和债务率的相关系数是-0.49,债务增速下降对应的是债务率上升。美国、欧元区和日本的经验也是如此,近年来欧美日债务快速扩张,但是债务率缓慢下降,债务扩张和债务率也是负相关。这些经验带来的启示是:通过政府举债增加公共投资,以此带动全社会收入提高,我国的债务率会不升反降,偿债能力提升,债务风险得到更好控制。

作者:张斌 中国社会科学院世界经济与政治研究所副所长

Open Questions

  • 未来具体的公共投资重点领域将获得多少资金支持?
  • 地方政府隐性债务化解的具体落地时间表是什么?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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