
初冬的商都县察汗淖尔国家湿地公园,澄澈的湖水与长空相接,成群候鸟在湖面与滩涂间起落。
内蒙古商都县与河北尚义县交界处的察汗淖尔国家湿地公园经过六年生态综合治理,湖面从不足2平方公里扩大至逾70平方公里,动植物种类显著增加,实现了从生态退化到一湖新生的转变。
AI-generated summary
察汗淖尔位于内蒙古与河北交界处,曾因气候变化和人类活动导致水域萎缩与生态退化,当地自2020年起启动生态保卫战。
中新网乌兰察布11月9日电 题:察汗淖尔:一湖碧水背后的六年之变
中新网记者张林虎
初冬的商都县察汗淖尔国家湿地公园,澄澈的湖水与长空相接,碱蓬草泛红,芦苇染上金褐,成群候鸟在湖面与滩涂间起落。站在观景台上,商都县湿地保护中心科研监测股股长贺晶抬手指向湖面:“你看,白琵鹭又来了。”相机镜头追着几抹洁白的身影,他说,眼前的景象来之不易。
湖面回来了
察汗淖尔位于内蒙古乌兰察布市商都县与河北张家口市尚义县交界处,与岱海、黄旗海并称“两海一淖尔”。历史上这里常年有水、湖面开阔,但受气候变化与人类活动影响,曾一度水域萎缩、水质恶化、生态功能退化。
“2020年我刚来时,穿一双运动鞋巡护几趟下来,鞋底就被盐碱蚀得开了胶。”贺晶说,也就在这一年,察汗淖尔生态保卫战打响了。
商都县湿地保护中心主任董裴介绍,当地按照山水林田湖草沙一体化治理思路,把流域划分为湿地保护修复区、地下水超采治理区、流域涵养区,系统推进保护修复;实施围栏封育64.31平方公里,35.37平方公里湿地公园全部纳入围封管控;针对裸露、退化区域,采用“人工修复+自然恢复”模式,累计人工修复6338亩、飞播种草2.02万亩、自然恢复6800亩。
变化写在监测数据里:察汗淖尔植物种类从25科77属99种增至41科99属168种,鸟类从12目27科79种增至20目44科202种,国家一级保护动物东方白鹳、黑鹳已连续6个月在此栖息。贺晶的相机里,黑鹳、东方白鹳、疣鼻天鹅、鹊鸭等珍稀水鸟先后现身,上万张鸟类照片记录下盐碱滩涂的重生。
田头的水账
水,是湿地的命脉。2020年治理之初,察汗淖尔湖泊水面面积尚不足2平方公里。到2025年,这一数字跃升至82.9平方公里,屡创历史新高。2026年10月1日,湖面仍稳定保持76.9平方公里。
董裴说,商都县对十八顷河、特布乌拉河等5条一级支流实行“一河一策”治理,完成河道疏浚,畅通湿地补水渠道。同时严格执行水资源保护政策,推进农业水价综合改革,安装智能节水计量设施4476套,完成水地改旱地14.53万亩,并优化产业结构和种植结构。
离察汗淖尔不远的小海子镇,连片莜麦、黍子地块刚完成秋收。“今年种的300亩莜麦收成不错,收购商早早就收走了。这样一来,收入没减少,水省下来了,湖又回来了。这笔账,怎么算都值。”刘家村村民郝平说。
守湖的新力量
碧水归来,更要长久守护。清晨,察汗淖尔生态警务室民警田兵沿湿地外围巡护,时而在防护围栏边驻足,时而举起望远镜望向芦苇丛与水面。“我们日常的核心工作就是巡逻管护,重点防范违规放牧、非法捕捞、偷猎等行为。”田兵说,扎根这里六年,他看在眼里的是湖越来越美,民众生态保护意识也明显提高。
商都县还建立了察汗淖尔国家湿地公园智慧监测平台、智慧监控平台,集监测、管护、应急和管理功能于一体,实现湿地公园“云上管理”。针对地处两省区交界的特点,商都县与尚义县落实“1+4个1”跨省协作机制,常态化开展联合巡护执法、生态监测、科普宣教等,构建跨省联动、多方协同、群防群治的管护格局。
“这里的秋景很美,芦苇成片、飞鸟翩跹,既有风光又充满野趣,特别适合带孩子感受自然。”生态向好也带动观鸟、研学、生态体验,游客张帆一家三口专程前来。据了解,2026年,察汗淖尔接待游客达8万人次。
水清、草绿、鸟归,六年光阴,一湖新生。贺晶的相机里,珍稀水鸟越来越多,郝平的地里,莜麦代替了甜菜;田兵的巡护路上,主动守护的民众也多了起来,察汗淖尔的修复与守护仍在继续。

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