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Back伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬赴美出席联合国大会
伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬赴美出席联合国大会
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中国新闻网1 hour agoPolitics18 min readChinaView translation

伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬赴美出席联合国大会

在美以伊战事进入第七个月之际,伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬亲赴纽约联大,强硬回应特朗普威胁并恢复美伊外交接触。

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在美以伊战事进入第七个月之际,伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬克服阻碍亲赴纽约参加联合国大会。他在大会上强硬回应美国总统特朗普的威胁,展示受害者形象并抨击双重标准,同时通过间接接触向美方提出加速和平方案。

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Why It Matters

在美以伊战事进入第七个月之际,伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬赴纽约参加联合国大会,恢复了与华盛顿的中断接触。

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中国新闻周刊记者:陈佳琳

发于总第1255期《中国新闻周刊》杂志

在美以伊战事进入第七个月之际,伊朗总统佩泽希齐扬在美国特勤局严密保护下现身曼哈顿。这是首次有外国领导人在本国与美国交战期间,亲赴纽约参加联合国大会。

在联大讲台上,这位以温和著称的总统一改去年“12日战争”后的克制,强硬回应特朗普的威胁。走下讲台,他与伊朗外长阿拉格齐密集接受国际媒体访问、阐述伊朗立场,同时恢复了与华盛顿中断三个月的外交接触。

每年9月启幕的联合国大会曾经为美伊关系打开突破口。2013年,时任美国国务卿克里与伊朗外长扎里夫在纽约的历史性接触,为两年后达成伊核协议奠定了基础。但此次大会能否为结束战争铺路,仍不明朗。

当地时间9月27日,在否决伊朗提出的和平方案次日,特朗普表示,美伊谈判预计将在新一周恢复。阿拉格齐则回应说,伊朗已做好与美国打一场“末日战争”的准备,但他仍将外交途径作为选项之一,以免“错失任何和平机会”。

“高龄专机”

战争与制裁的影响,贯穿了佩泽希齐扬的这趟纽约之行。

载着佩泽希齐扬飞越大西洋的,是一架已有34年机龄的空客A340-300。这架“高龄飞机”曾在维珍航空服役,最近几周才完成大修并加入伊朗政府机队。受西方制裁影响,伊朗无法购买新客机和原厂零部件。上一架伊朗总统专机也不年轻——3月被以色列炸毁时,它的机龄已经达到27年。

尽管具备直飞纽约的航程,这架飞机仍在途中降落阿尔及利亚首都阿尔及尔,接受检查并补充燃油。伊朗民航部门表示,飞机没有发生故障,这是一次预先安排的技术经停。

佩泽希齐扬一行启程时,美国正在收紧对伊朗航空业的制裁。华盛顿警告,继续向伊朗航空公司提供燃油、维修和地面保障的企业,可能面临次级制裁。航空观察人士判断,在关系友好的阿尔及利亚提前完成保障工作,是为了降低飞机进入美国后遭遇服务限制的风险。

值得注意的是,返程时,佩泽希齐扬的专机从纽约直飞德黑兰,途中没有再次经停。这表明,飞机在美国获得了必要的燃油和地面保障,并未如美国财政部长贝森特此前暗示的那样,被新一轮制裁“困”在美国。

几十年来,无论美伊关系如何恶化,伊朗几乎没有放弃过联合国提供的讲台。1980年,德黑兰人质危机尚未结束、两伊战争刚刚爆发,时任伊朗总理拉贾伊仍赴纽约,呼吁国际社会谴责伊拉克入侵。1987年,后来成为伊朗最高领袖的哈梅内伊,也曾以伊朗总统身份在联大发言。

但佩泽希齐扬这次能否成行,直到会前仍存在疑问。根据《联合国总部协定》,美国作为东道国原则上应允许各国代表入境参会。然而,一个正在同美国交战的国家,其总统亲自踏上美国领土,在历史上尚无公开先例。另一个不同寻常的细节是:佩泽希齐扬启程前往纽约前,没有像惯例那样先会见伊朗最高领袖。

最终,华盛顿只向佩泽希齐扬、外长阿拉格齐和“必要工作人员”组成的“核心代表团”发放签证。包括总统府新闻传播团队成员在内的部分随行人员未获入境许可。与此同时,美国国务院重申了对伊朗外交人员活动范围和行动的限制,禁止伊朗官员购买奢侈品和办理山姆会员店等仓储式商店的会员资格。美国政府还在社交媒体上提醒纽约商家保持警惕,“不要成为违规行为的共犯”。

过去,伊朗代表团会在毗邻联合国总部的豪华酒店包下数层客房。9月22日傍晚佩泽希齐扬与随行人员落地纽约后,却住进了伊朗常驻联合国代表的官邸。伊朗法尔斯通讯社称,这样安排是为了节省开支。

这种节俭姿态带有向伊朗国内展示共渡难关的意味。美国的海上封锁,几乎截断了该国最重要的外汇来源。战争爆发以来,伊朗石油出口锐减逾80%,经济萎缩10%,8月通胀率逼近85%。

“同台”交锋

佩泽希齐扬是在一片“是否还该赴美”的争论声中启程的。

一年前,美以对伊朗发动持续12天的轰炸后,佩泽希齐扬在联大发言中谴责袭击“背叛外交”,但没有点名特朗普,主要把矛头对准以色列。

与伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队关系密切的法尔斯通讯社认为,总统再次前往美国,只会给特朗普利用谈判牵制伊朗的机会。与最高领袖办公室关系紧密的《世界报》则警告说,“纽约不是微笑和谈判的地方”,佩泽希齐扬绝不能释放任何可能被美国解读为软弱的信号。

9月22日,在第81届联合国大会一般性辩论开幕首日,特朗普告诉各国政要,如果无法达成协议,美国将“彻底消灭”伊朗。他还预计,伊朗将在11月中期选举后与美国达成协议,拆除其核设施并结束战争,在那之后,“油价将会暴跌”。

面对特朗普的公然威胁,佩泽希齐扬决定推翻此前准备好的讲稿,重新组织回应。第二天,他穿着象征哀悼的黑色衬衫,站上同一座讲台。“美国总统把我们称为恐怖分子。我们才是恐怖主义的受害者。”说到这里,佩泽希齐扬举起米纳卜一所学校遇难儿童的照片。据伊朗官方数据,2月底美军的空袭造成该校150余人死亡,其中约120人是学童。不久前,联合国伊朗问题独立国际实况调查团发布报告,认为有合理依据认定美军在此次袭击中犯下战争罪。佩泽希齐扬的控诉尚未结束,现场唯一一名美国代表团成员已经起身离场。

随后,佩泽希齐扬将矛头指向以色列和国际核秩序的“双重标准”:“核弹在以色列,核查人员却在伊朗;以色列杀人,受制裁的却是伊朗。”

这场强硬演讲并没有彻底关上外交的大门。佩泽希齐扬在尾声强调,伊朗仍然愿意谈判,只是不接受“强权的语言”。

佩泽希齐扬抨击的另一个对象内塔尼亚胡,一天后也站上了同一座讲台。他发言时,伊朗代表团只在桌上留下一张装裱好的照片,上面是2020年遭美军袭杀的“圣城旅”指挥官苏莱曼尼。望着大片空席,内塔尼亚胡反唇相讥:“如果还有道德懦夫没有离场,请现在就走。”

联大会场内的交锋,部分消解了伊朗国内对佩泽希齐扬此行的负面评价。此前持尖锐批评态度的《世界报》,次日在头版写道:“干得好,总统先生。”议长卡利巴夫、司法总监埃杰伊和最高领袖顾问穆赫贝尔等建制派人物也相继表态,称赞他在纽约发出了坚韧而有力的声音。

加速方案

佩泽希齐扬在联大与特朗普“针尖对麦芒”之时,美伊之间的新一轮传话已经开始。

先于佩泽希齐扬抵达纽约的伊朗外长阿拉格齐,在卡塔尔斡旋下,与美国总统特使威特科夫及特朗普女婿库什纳进行了约三个小时的间接接触。这是7月协议破裂后,美伊首次恢复政治沟通。威特科夫事后说自己“感觉很好”,特朗普也形容接触“富有成效”。

两天后,佩泽希齐扬和阿拉格齐在一场小范围吹风会上,向受邀记者及智库人士公布了一份“加速方案”:美国解除对伊朗港口的封锁,豁免石油制裁,释放被冻结资产,并推动更广泛的地区停火;作为交换,伊朗将在七天内恢复霍尔木兹海峡通航,继而同美国讨论核计划和最终协议。

这不是一份全新的交易,基本沿用了6月谅解备忘录的框架。最明显的变化在于,伊朗声称已与阿曼拟定一套霍尔木兹海峡通航安排,并要求美国以此作为恢复谈判的基础。

美伊谅解备忘录在签署不久后就宣告破裂,双方自7月起再次交火。也门亲伊朗的胡塞武装组织也介入战局,与沙特爆发新一轮冲突,加剧地区紧张局势。

国际危机组织高级分析师哈米德雷扎·阿齐兹认为,伊朗领导层判断,如果仍有机会达成协议,11月美国中期选举前达成的可能性要高于选举后。因此,德黑兰才重新包装旧方案,并把谅解备忘录原定30天的执行期压缩为7天。

美以伊战争的最初冲击过后,海湾产油国找到绕过霍尔木兹海峡、出口部分石油的办法。这些替代路线如今也遭到伊朗地区盟友的袭击。受此影响,油价从8月每桶70多美元跃升至9月的110美元。9月末,沙特与胡塞武装爆发更大规模战斗的风险已经非常现实,一旦如此,一场把世界拖入衰退的能源危机便近在眼前。

路透社与益普索8月底的民调显示,63%的美国人反对美以对伊战争。如果油价继续上涨,将在中期选举前加剧美国选民对生活成本的不满。

但佩泽希齐扬离开纽约当天,特朗普便拒绝了这份方案。“他们输得太惨,所以想达成协议。”在他看来,伊朗主动提出方案,恰恰证明封锁和制裁正在奏效。与其此时解除压力,不如继续等待,迫使伊朗作出更多让步。《华尔街日报》还报道称,特朗普已告诉助手,他可能在中期选举后恢复对伊朗的轰炸。

伊朗并非没有预料到这个结果。阿齐兹认为,伊朗选择在联大期间抛出新提议,不只是为了争取停火,也是在为谈判失败留下记录:即使特朗普拒绝,伊朗仍可向国内外宣称,自己曾经提供外交出口,而美国选择继续封锁和战争。

谈判陷于僵持之际,伊朗高层内部的讨论已经开始转向:一旦外交失败,下一阶段的较量将如何展开。

与伊朗安全机构关系密切的努尔新闻认为,美国对伊朗的封锁正从海上延伸至空中。若压力继续向陆路蔓延,与伊朗接壤的土耳其、伊拉克、巴基斯坦以及中亚国家,也将被卷入这场围绕交通走廊的博弈。

“德黑兰预期,谈判一旦破裂,局势将进入更复杂的阶段。” 伊朗分析人士巴巴克·瓦赫达德指出,伊朗下一步的目标或许不是立即打破封锁,而是把封锁的代价进一步向外传导,让所有参与者承担的代价都变得越来越沉重。

《中国新闻周刊》2026年第37期

What to Watch

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  • 美伊将在新一周恢复谈判

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  • 美伊加速方案能否最终达成?
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