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Back利伯兰:币圈富豪的自由乌托邦
利伯兰:币圈富豪的自由乌托邦
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德国之声23 minutes agoWorld10 min readChinaView translation

利伯兰:币圈富豪的自由乌托邦

在一片约7平方公里的无主之地,加密货币富豪和自由意志主义者正试图建立一个名为“利伯兰”的数字共和国。

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克罗地亚与塞尔维亚边境的多瑙河畔有一片7平方公里的无主之地,被称为“利伯兰自由共和国”。该项目由捷克人维特·杰德利卡于2015年发起,并在2024年迎来了加密货币富豪孙宇晨当选“总理”。这里奉行彻底的自由意志主义,吸引了大量加密投资者和寻求监管套利的人,但面临克罗地亚当局的严格封锁和不承认。

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Why It Matters

1991年南斯拉夫解体后,克罗地亚与塞尔维亚之间遗留下若干边界争议地带。2015年捷克人维特·杰德利卡宣布在此建立利伯兰。

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多瑙河畔,克罗地亚与塞尔维亚的边境争议地带,一片约7平方公里的无主之地——这里既没有城市,没有道路,甚至没有任何一栋可供长期居住的建筑。然而,它有自己的旗帜、护照、宪法,甚至还有一位"总理":加密货币富豪孙宇晨。

这就是利伯兰(Liberland)——一个正在认真"建国"的地方,或者说,一个正在认真尝试的地方。

从边境争议到"自由共和国"

故事要从南斯拉夫解体说起。1991年南斯拉夫分裂后,克罗地亚与塞尔维亚之间遗留下若干边界争议地带,这片多瑙河西岸的土地便是其中之一。两国均不主张对其拥有主权——克罗地亚认为边界应按多瑙河旧河道划定,塞尔维亚则尚未就最终边界作出正式表态。正是这一法律真空,给了一个捷克人可乘之机。

2015年,金融分析师出身的维特·杰德利卡(Vit Jedlicka)宣布在此成立"自由共和国利伯兰",自任总统,官方语言定为英语。他和团队平时居住在布拉格,只在处理"国家事务"时才奔赴这片土地——尽管他本人多次被克罗地亚当局阻止入境,甚至曾遭逮捕,并被禁止入境克罗地亚长达五年。

"政府越少越好"

利伯兰奉行彻底的自由意志主义(Libertarianism):无强制税收,社区贡献完全自愿,政府管理全面数字化。但杰德利卡的政治构想远不止于此。在他的设想中,一个人为社会创造的财富越多,就应当拥有越大的政治话语权。

他说:"为什么一个对国家财政贡献了2000万美元的人,其话语权竟然跟一个把银行烧了、造成同等损失的人完全一样?民主制度会把整个社会的意见平均化。每一个明智的决定,可能都会被另一个愚蠢的决定抵消。我们只想要一块七平方公里、能够自治的土地,来证明我们的理念。"

这种"能者多权"的逻辑,在传统政治语境下颇具争议,但在自由意志主义者和加密货币圈子里引发了强烈共鸣。

孙宇晨与币圈的"建国热情"

2024年10月,加密货币富豪孙宇晨当选利伯兰"总理",利伯兰方面称他为"全球最富有的总理"。孙宇晨是波场(TRON)区块链的创始人,曾以450万美元拍得与巴菲特共进午餐的机会。他的加入,让利伯兰在加密货币社群中的曝光度大幅提升。此后,利伯兰宣布与太空初创公司 LifeShip 合作,将自己的"国旗"送上了小行星。

然而回到多瑙河边,现实截然不同。目前整片土地上唯一的永久建筑,只有两座树屋。记者进入时遭到克罗地亚当局严密盘查,拍摄被明令禁止。利伯兰宣称已有约1300名"公民",申请方式有两种:支付1万美元,或通过志愿服务换取资格。

"他们对现实感到失望"

来自意大利的安东内拉是一名软件公司项目经理。税负过重、规定繁琐——她越来越觉得自己被困住了。"你真的会产生一种错觉,好像这些东西是属于你的,但实际上,你什么都做不了主。"她已申请利伯兰公民身份。两天后,她花了数千欧元,拿到了那本利伯兰护照——印刷精美,却几乎毫无实际用处:没有任何真正的国家承认这本证件。

英国退休男性科林·伍德(Colin Wood)已在距利伯兰约10公里的塞尔维亚私人营地"方舟村"(Ark Village)居住两年。他骄傲地展示自己的利伯兰护照,并相信克罗地亚当局终将无力阻拦:"克罗地亚警方到底还能负担多少警力,来阻止我们进入呢?"

每年,利伯兰支持者都会在方舟村举办"Liberpulco"年度聚会。来者背景极为多元——嬉皮士、科技创业者、加密货币投资人,甚至还有阴谋论者。知名阴谋论者加雷斯·艾克(Gareth Icke)在此受到明星般的追捧。大多数与会者不愿接受媒体采访,担心自己的话被断章取义。

英国研究员瓦西姆·阿尔辛迪(Waseem Al-Sindi)长期研究区块链与加密货币生态。他说:"他们觉得自己的自由或主权正在被侵蚀——税太高,或者某些领域受到过度监管。很多时候,这些人是创业者,他们寻找的是一种监管套利空间。"

一个值得警惕的逻辑

但阿尔辛迪也指出,这种对财富与精英话语权的强调,背后隐藏着更值得警惕的逻辑:"自由意志主义思想的历史与种族科学和优生学之间存在关联——认为并非所有人都是平等的,认为自己比他人更优秀。因此在他们看来,民主制度会导致次优结果,因为多数人的头脑不如少数人。"

更进一步,他认为部分支持者并非只是在寻找另一种生活方式:"他们正在有意识地期待并推动现有社会和国家体系的崩溃。而他们的希望,正是建立在这一点之上。"

梦想与现实之间,还差多远?

杰德利卡计划扩大外交网络、推进基础设施建设,甚至在利伯兰推出证券交易所。前美国国会议员罗恩·保罗和阿根廷总统米莱都曾公开表态支持。他说:"利伯兰最富有的十个人,财富加起来比克罗地亚最富有的十个人还要多。这不是幻觉,事实就是如此。"

克罗地亚外交部将利伯兰定性为"缺乏任何法律依据的挑衅行为"。一名退休德国人罗兰(Roland)定期在此驻守,营地设施却屡遭破坏——淋浴系统、水箱、热水器相继消失。杰德利卡认为,破坏者正是克罗地亚当局。

十年过去,这里依然更像一处临时营地。支持者们说:"建立一个国家,不可能一夜之间完成。""如果那么容易,大家早就去做了。""先有梦想,才有现实。"

这句话,既可以是信念,也可以是自我安慰。至于利伯兰究竟会走向何方——时间,或许是唯一的裁判。

Open Questions

  • 利伯兰未来能否获得任何主权国家的正式承认?
  • 克罗地亚当局将如何持续处理该地区的越界与营地问题?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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