Back美智庫報告:中國囤積數百台DUV微影機,恐縮小AI晶片技術差距
美智庫報告:中國囤積數百台DUV微影機,恐縮小AI晶片技術差距
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

美智庫報告:中國囤積數百台DUV微影機,恐縮小AI晶片技術差距

前美國出口管制官員建議全面禁止向中國出口DUV設備,以維持美國在先進AI晶片領域的領先優勢

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華府智庫「技術與治國方略中心」報告指出,中國晶片商至2026年初預計囤積343台DUV微影機。儘管DUV不如EUV先進,但仍可用於製造7奈米及AI晶片,專家呼籲美荷應全面禁止出口以防技術差距縮小。

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Why It Matters

由於無法取得最先進的EUV微影機,中國晶片製造商轉而大量採購DUV設備以維持先進製程研發。目前美荷政府對DUV出口採取個案審批制度,但智庫認為此舉存在技術轉用漏洞。

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圖為艾司摩爾(ASML)的曝光機。(路透)

中國一直在斥巨資研發高端晶片設計和生產,但缺乏尖端微影設備令北京當局的野心受挫。但美國前出口管制官員近日撰寫的最新報告顯示,中國晶片製造商囤積了價值數十億美元的數百台深紫外光(DUV)微影機,雖然DUV不如極紫外光(EUV)微影機先進,但仍能進行改造,用來製造7奈米晶片和人工智慧(AI)處理器的先進記憶體,因此敦促美國和其盟友全面禁止向中企出口DUV。

香港《南華早報》報導,總部位於華府的政策研究機構「技術與治國方略中心」(CTS)9月26日發表新報告指出,截至2026年年初,中國晶片製造商預估已囤積了343台DUV。

該報告是由前美國出口管制官員布朗(Nicholas Brown)和前白宮和美國商務部技術政策顧問克罕(Saif Khan)共同撰寫,為華府有關西方盟友是否應對運往中國的DUV實施全面封鎖的爭論提供新的數據。

由於無法購買荷蘭半導體設備製造商艾司摩爾(ASML)最先進的EUV,中國晶片製造商轉而大量依賴DUV來生產高端半導體,部分DUV型號未列入西方出口禁令內。

報告說,目前美國政府卻允許中國進口能夠生產先進AI晶片的DUV,使北京當局積極利用這個機會,截至2026年初,中方已囤積了大量的DUV。

報告估計,中國晶片製造商購買的DUV中約有270台是艾司摩爾的Twinscan NXT:1980i,22台NXT:2050i、6台NXT:2100i,以及45台技術水準較低的DUV,總計343台。

報告指出,中國晶片製造商在2024年斥資逾130億美元(新台幣4138億元)購買了 NXT:1980i,並在2025年又購買了89台。這波收購潮反映在艾司摩爾公布的財報中,2024年,中國市場占艾司摩爾淨銷售額的41%,2025年占33%。

報告說,如果中國進口艾司摩爾DUV的速度維持2024至2025年水準,那麼在未來5到10年內,中國囤積的DUV產能,可能足以縮小、甚至消除美國及其盟友目前在AI晶片製造領域擁有的巨大優勢。

荷蘭政府已於2023年9月開始要求艾司摩爾在出口 NXT:2000i以及更先進的DUV時須申請許可證,此後這些型號已被禁止出口到中國。1年後,荷蘭政府將禁令範圍擴大至 NXT:1980i,但該型號的出口仍能透過個案審批。

報告說,這種作法留下了1個重大漏洞,並警告即使是為了成熟製程晶片所銷售的DUV,也可以重新用於或轉移到先進晶片的生產上。

為了堵住這個漏洞,報告作者建議對中國全面禁售所有DUV,並限制零件更換和售後服務,並建議華府與荷蘭政府協調,或單方面將美國的出口管制措施擴展至使用美國技術的外國製系統。報告說:「此舉將確保美國在先進AI晶片生產,及由此衍生的AI能力方面,保持至少10年的領先優勢,並確保下一批先進晶圓廠建在美國及其盟國,而非中國。」

美國國會兩黨議員今年4月提出的「硬體技術管制多邊協調法案」(Match Act),旨在對中國境內難以自主生產的晶片製造設備的銷售和服務實施全面限制,明確針對DUV。一些聯邦參議員今年9月再次呼籲通過法案。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國國會將推動硬體技術管制多邊協調法案以限制DUV出口

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 荷蘭政府是否會採納智庫建議全面禁止DUV出口?
  • 中國半導體產業在缺乏新設備下將如何調整發展路徑?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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