
台北市立聯合醫院家庭醫學科主治醫師吳逸帆指出,流感疫苗接種後需約兩週時間產生足夠抗體,呼籲民眾在流行季或出國前儘早施打,避免保護力空窗期。同時建議高風險族群考慮接種新冠與肺炎鏈球菌疫苗,並提醒海外就醫時若出現嚴重症狀應立即求診。
AI-generated summary
秋冬季節是全球流感與呼吸道傳染病的高峰期,隨著出國旅遊增加,民眾容易忽視防護需求。
〔記者蔡愷恆/台北報導〕隨著秋季賞楓與年末跨年、耶誕出國旅遊熱潮,許多民眾滿心期待海外行程,卻常忽視秋冬正值全球流感與呼吸道傳染病的高峰期。台北市立聯合醫院仁愛院區家庭醫學科主治醫師吳逸帆呼籲,流感疫苗接種後並非立刻產生免疫力,身體需要約2週時間來啟動免疫反應;民眾在流感流行期或疫苗開打期間應儘早接種,不要等到大流行發生或出國前兩、三天時才急著打,否則會面臨保護力空窗期。
吳逸帆指出,流感病毒一年四季皆在流行,不過天氣寒冷時流行機率較高,這也是為什麼入秋後是施打疫苗的絕佳時期。流感疫苗是取用病毒成分萃取製成的不活化病毒疫苗,當疫苗成分進入人體後,白血球會先進行辨識與攻擊,進而活化具專一性的淋巴球來專門製造對抗該病毒的抗體。這項過程如同工廠生產需要時間,通常約需一週開始產生抗體,兩週左右才能形成足夠的保護力,所以千萬別有那種接種疫苗後馬上就可以得到抗體的錯誤觀念。
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吳逸帆指出,世界衛生組織(WHO)會根據流行病學資料預測並選定最具流行趨勢的病毒株。由於去年起陸續出現新的流感病毒株變異,今年施打的流感疫苗(包含兩支A型流感病毒株:H1N1與H3N2,以及一支B型流感病毒株),皆經過WHO的建議全面更新,精準對決現有流行病毒,提供更完善的涵蓋率與保護力。
一般標準型流感疫苗的抗體保護力約可維持三到六個月,但因為接種後需要約兩週的時間產生抗體,若是民眾在出國前三至五天才緊急施打疫苗,針對僅短期出遊行程確實會來不及產生防禦,但若是較長期的旅程,雖然前幾天會處於抗體生成的空窗期,但待身體產生抗體後還是有機會發揮保護的效果。
除了流感疫苗外,吳逸帆建議高風險族群同步評估接種新冠疫苗與肺炎鏈球菌疫苗。由於新冠病毒持續變種,即使過去曾接種過多劑疫苗,面對新病毒株的保護力仍可能不足,因此應定期更新體內抗體;若過去接種無嚴重併發症或副作用,建議可與流感疫苗同時、分開不同部位接種。
吳逸帆也提到,肺炎鏈球菌疫苗針對的是細菌,變種速度不像病毒快速。為了給予長者更完善的防護,台灣目前的公費肺炎鏈球菌疫苗已全面升級提供最新的20價或21價疫苗。肺炎鏈球菌疫苗較無季節性限制,長者若有需求,在流感疫苗開打前即可先前往接種。在公費施打時程上,流感與新冠疫苗於10月1日起開放第一階段公費接種,對象涵蓋65歲以上長者、高風險慢性病患、醫護與防疫人員、幼兒及學生等;11月起則開放第二階段,涵蓋50至64歲無高風險慢性病之民眾。
若民眾擔心在海外旅途中出現類流感症狀,出國前可先準備抗組織胺(流鼻水藥)、退燒止痛藥等常備用藥,大部分病毒感染初期仍以症狀緩解為主。然而,若出現持續發高燒不退、呼吸急促或困難、胸部不適,甚至是意識狀態改變等嚴重症狀,皆屬於重症警訊,切不可掉以輕心。
吳逸帆提醒,過往就有患者因為國外就醫不便,以為稍作休息即可痊癒而延誤診治,最終演變成致命重症的遺憾案例。特別是若服用退燒藥後體溫雖降,但全身仍極度虛弱不適,即代表病情相對嚴峻。此時切勿僅靠常備藥物硬撐,即便身處異鄉,也應立即至當地醫療機構尋求專業診治,以免耽誤黃金救治時機。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
隨著氣溫下降,未來兩週流感就診人數將顯著增加
Likely · Within weeks

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